Ongizate estatua kolokan Espainian : pentsioen erreformak

This paper analyzes the pensions reforms and changes that have been in Spain to guarantee Welfare State. In fact, pensions are the most important part that we have to control in order to satisfy the necessities of a country: who and what conditions in we have to receive them, what have to be the financial source or sources etcetera. Because of that, this paper summarizes the reforms have been until nowadays, what are the reasons of these changes and what have been the impacts as much on workers as on pensioners. Apart from that, we are going to analyze the factor to cause gender differences. Finally, it suggests some restraints that the state must to impose in the medium term to remove unfair elements that the last reform causes and to guarantee solvency in the long term.

El precio de la gasolina en España: distribución con restricciones verticales

[ES] Hemos realizado un análisis estructural del mercado de la gasolina en España para conocer la manera en la que se establecen los precios de la gasolina en comparación con los de la Unión Europea. Para ello analizamos la cadena de valor de las empresas más destacadas del mercado, así como las distintas barreras de entrada que limitan la competencia. Por último, destacamos las restricciones verticales que estas imponen a sus distribuidores minorista y su incidencia en el precio final del producto.