Escultura en los años 90 en el País Vasco: reconfigurando el pasado-presente

[ES] La creación escultórica en el País Vasco durante los años noventa se siguió nutriendo del entramado creativo de la década anterior, mientras se iban difuminando los últimos coletazos programáticos de la posmodernidad. Los jóvenes artistas de esta última década no plantean lenguajes originales, ni plantean la búsqueda de temáticas inéditas, simplemente se aboga por ubicarse en un marco espacial y temporal que les permita seguir creando en base a procesos anteriores, pero con perspectivas que les sirvan para analizar y experimentar las situaciones enclavadas en el presente.

Turnout Intention and Social Networks

How can networking affect the turnout in an election? We present a simple model to explain turnout as a result of a dynamic process of formation of the intention to vote within Erdös-Renyi random networks. Citizens have fixed preferences for one of two parties and are embedded in a given social network. They decide whether or not to vote on the basis of the attitude of their immediate contacts. They may simply follow the behavior of the majority (followers) or make an adaptive local calculus of voting (Downsian behavior). So they either have the intention of voting when the majority of their neighbors are willing to vote too, or they vote when they perceive in their social neighborhood that elections are "close". We study the long run average turnout, interpreted as the actual turnout observed in an election. Depending on the combination of values of the two key parameters, the average connectivity and the probability of behaving as a follower or in a Downsian fashion, the system exhibits monostability (zero turnout), bistability (zero turnout and either moderate or high turnout) or tristability (zero, moderate and high turnout). This means, in particular, that for a wide range of values of both parameters, we obtain realistic turnout rates, i.e. between 50% and 90%.

Dietary vitamin E inhibits the trans 10-18:1 shift in beef backfat

[EN]Forty feedlot steers were fed a barleygrain-based finishing diet typical for western Canada, with two levels of supplementary vitamin E (468 or 1068 IU head_1 d_1) and the effect on backfat trans-18:1 isomeric profile was determined. Feeding 1068 IU vitamin E reduced the total trans-18:1 content in backfat (P<0.01), as well as the percentage of trans 10-18:1 (P<0.001), which are related to an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, trans 11-18:1 (vaccenic acid) the precursor for cis 9,trans 11- 18:2 (rumenic acid), which have several purported health benefits, increased (P<0.01). Vitamin E could, therefore, be used to decrease trans-18:1 in beef and improve its isomeric profile.

Evaluation of wheat or corn dried distillers' grains with solubles on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers

[EN]A study was conducted on crossbred steers (n=275; 376±924 kg) to evaluate performance and carcass quality of cattle fed wheat or corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS). The control ration contained 86.6% rolled barley grain, 5.7% supplement and 7.7% barley silage (DM basis). The four treatments included replacement of barley grain at 20 or 40% of the diet (DM basis) with wheat or corn DDGS. Steers were slaughtered at a common end weight of 645 kg with 100 steers randomly (n=20 per treatment) selected for determination of the retail yield of sub-primal boneless boxed beef (SPBBB). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using pen as the experimental unit. Feeding increasing levels of wheat DDGS led to a quadratic increase in dry matter intake (DMI) (P<0.01), whereas increasing levels of corn DDGS led to a quadratic decrease in DMI (P=0.01). Average daily gain was not influenced (P=0.13) by feeding wheat or corn DDGS, but cattle fed corn DDGS exhibited a quadratic increase (P=0.01) in gain:feed. As a result, a quadratic increase (P<0.01) in calculated NEg of the diet was observed as corn DDGS levels increased. A linear decrease (P=0.04) in days on feed (169, 166 and 154 d) was noted when increasing levels of wheat DDGS (0, 20 and 40%) were fed. Dressing percentage increased in a linear fashion with wheat DDGS (P<0.01) inclusion level and in a quadratic fashion (P=0.01) as corn DDGS inclusion level increased although other carcass traits were not affected (P=0.10) by treatment. The results indicate that replacement of barley grain with corn or wheat DDGS up to 40% of the diet (DM) can lead to superior performance (improved gain:feed or reduced days on feed, respectively) with no detrimental effect on quality grade or carcass SPBBB yield.

Water quality assessment and characterisation of chlorophyll-a variability related to river discharges, within the southeastern Bay of Biscay : evaluation and development of chlorophyll-a algorithms for MODIS and MERIS imagery

222 p. : il.

Fiber Bragg Gratings, IT Techniques and Strain Gauge Validation for Strain Calculation on Aged Metal Specimens

This paper studies the feasibility of calculating strains in aged F114 steel specimens with Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors and infrared thermography (IT) techniques. Two specimens have been conditioned under extreme temperature and relative humidity conditions making comparative tests of stress before and after aging using different adhesives. Moreover, a comparison has been made with IT tecniques and conventional methods for calculating stresses in F114 steel. Implementation of Structural Health Monitoring techniques on real aircraft during their life cycle requires a study of the behaviour of FBG sensors and their wiring under real conditions, before using them for a long time. To simulate aging, specimens were stored in a climate chamber at 70 degrees C and 90% RH for 60 days. This study is framed within the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and Non Destructuve Evaluation (NDE) research lines, integrated into the avionics area maintained by the Aeronautical Technologies Centre (CTA) and the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).

Influence of Humidity on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

We demonstrate the influence of the relative humidity (RH) on the wavelength of fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGS), performing tests with five FBGS at different humidity and temperature conditions. These tests were performed in a climate chamber whose RH changes according to a scheduled profile from 30% to 90%, in steps of 10%. These profiles were repeated for a wide range of temperatures from to , in steps of . Two different types of instrumentation methods have been tested, spot welding and epoxy bonding, in two different materials, steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). We discuss the results for each type of sensor and instrumentation method by analyzing the linearity of the Bragg wavelength with RH and temperature.

Association between CASP8-652 6N Del Polymorphism (rs3834129) and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Results from a Multi-Centric Study

The common 2652 6N del variant in the CASP8 promoter (rs3834129) has been described as a putative low-penetrance risk factor for different cancer types. In particular, some studies suggested that the deleted allele (del) was inversely associated with CRC risk while other analyses failed to confirm this. Hence, to better understand the role of this variant in the risk of developing CRC, we performed a multi-centric case-control study. In the study, the variant 2652 6N del was genotyped in a total of 6,733 CRC cases and 7,576 controls recruited by six different centers located in Spain, Italy, USA, England, Czech Republic and the Netherlands collaborating to the international consortium COGENT (COlorectal cancer GENeTics). Our analysis indicated that rs3834129 was not associated with CRC risk in the full data set. However, the del allele was under-represented in one set of cases with a family history of CRC (per allele model OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.69-0.90) suggesting this allele might be a protective factor versus familial CRC. Since this multi-centric case-control study was performed on a very large sample size, it provided robust clarification of the effect of rs3834129 on the risk of developing CRC in Caucasians.

A short training program improves the accuracy of portion-size estimates in future dietitians

[EN] The objective of this study was to determine whether a short training program, using real foods, would decreased their portion-size estimation errors after training. 90 student volunteers (20.18±0.44 y old) of the University of the Basque Country (Spain) were trained in observational techniques and tested in food-weight estimation during and after a 3-hour training period. The program included 57 commonly consumed foods that represent a variety of forms (125 different shapes). Estimates of food weight were compared with actual weights. Effectiveness of training was determined by examining change in the absolute percentage error for all observers and over all foods over time. Data were analyzed using SPSS vs. 13.0. The portion-size errors decreased after training for most of the foods. Additionally, the accuracy of their estimates clearly varies by food group and forms. Amorphous was the food type estimated least accurately both before and after training. Our findings suggest that future dietitians can be trained to estimate quantities by direct observation across a wide range of foods. However this training may have been too brief for participants to fully assimilate the application.

Estrategias empresariales en el sector bancario

[ES]La internacionalización ha sido una de las principales estrategias de crecimiento llevadas a cabo por la gran banca española, sobre todo a partir de la década de los 90. Es en esta década cuando hubo un destacable salto por parte de las entidades españolas hacia el mercado latinoamericano en especial, así como hacia Europa y Estados Unidos. Por otro lado, una vez comenzada la crisis financiera -entre finales de 2007 y principios de 2008-, dicho proceso de expansión se vio mermado, debido a que la banca tuvo que afrontar una nueva etapa de reforzamiento interno en la que todavía sigue inmersa. En el presente trabajo, tomando como ejemplos los bancos Santander y BBVA, se tratarán de analizar tanto los motivos y destinos de la mencionada expansión internacional; así como el nuevo entorno en el que tras la crisis y, una vez realizados los distintos procesos regulatorios, el sistema bancario español tendrá que desarrollar su actividad. A su vez, también serán objeto de análisis los modelos de negocio planteados por las dos entidades, a través de los cuales podremos definir algunas de las estrategias que se presentan en este nuevo entorno económico-financiero.

Desarrollo de catalizadores de Co3o4 nanocristalinos para la oxidación de compuestos clorados

La contaminación atmosférica se presenta como uno de los problemas más importantes de las últimas décadas. Los efectos negativos de esta problemática son de carácter tanto global como local y ha n desencadenado una serie de daños que afectan al medio ambiente y a la salud de los seres vivos, entre ellos los seres humanos. El origen de la contaminación atmosféri ca se sitúa en los procesos que se derivan del aumento de la población, del desarrollo industrial, de la urbanización y del transporte. En la actualidad las industrias emplean una gran cantidad de sustancias químicas que son nocivas para el me dio ambiente. E ntre ellas destacan los compuestos orgánicos volátile s (COV) , los cuales se emiten a la atmó sfera cada vez en mayor medida. La creciente contaminación ha supuesto la implantación de una legislación medioambiental cada vez más severa. Como consecuencia, l as compañías están estudiando varias alternativas con el fin de cumplir las restricciones y de continuar con su marcha económica. Entre las posibles soluciones destacan los procesos catalíticos, los cuales representan más del 90% de entre los métodos lleva dos a cabo para el tratamiento químico.

Estudio del receptor 5HT2A y de la vía Akt/GSK3 como mecanismos moleculares de la psicosis inducida por el consumo crónico de cannabis

La esquizofrenia es una enfermedad mental de carácter crónico que afecta aproximadamente al 1% de la población , principalmente con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 4 5 años . Se trata de una enfermedad de inicio en la adolescencia o comienzo de la madurez y cuyo potencial discapacitante persiste y se agrava a lo largo de la vida. La etiología de la esquizofrenia es multifactorial con evidencias de factores genéticos y ambientales. El carácter hereditario de la esquizofr e nia se ha estimado en un 73 - 90% y los factores genéticos que predisponen a la enfermedad son múltiples y heterogéneos. Los estudios epidemiológicos parecen sugerir que el mayor riesgo de desarrollar esquizofrenia es prod ucto de interacciones genético/ ambi entales (predisposición genética a agresiones ambientales) y del fenómeno de epistasis (fenotipo dependiente de la interacción entre diversos genes). Las manifestaciones clínicas de la esquizofrenia se dividen en síntomas positivos, síntomas negativos y dé ficits cognitivos. A causa de los déficits asociados y de su carácter crónico, la esquizofrenia se encuentra entre las diez causas principales de discapacidad por enfermedad del mundo y según la World Health Organization (2001), se estima que es la quinta enfermedad más costosa para la s ociedad en términos de atención requ erida y pérdida de productividad, con un coste anual en la Unión Europea que supera los 35 mil millones de €, según Andlin - Sobocki y Rössler (2005) . A nivel nacional, en el año 2009 los an tipsicóticos atípicos más empleados (risperidona y olanzapina) se encontraron entre los 8 primeros fármacos que más gasto generaron, con un coste económico superior a 350 millones de euros (Sistema Nacional de Salud (2010)) . Además, según el estudio de Pal mer et al. (2005), el riesgo de muerte prematura en la población esquizofrénica es aproximadamente dos veces mayor en la población general, siendo el suicidio la principal causa de este exceso de mortalidad, con una prevalencia estimada entre 5 - 10%. En est e sentido, se ha estimado que entre el 25% y 50% de los pacientes con esquizofrenia cometen por lo menos un intento de suicidio en su vida , según el estudio llevado a cabo por Meltzer (2002) . Dada su prevalencia, la tendencia a la cronicidad y el riesgo su icida de pacientes con esquizofrenia así como los elevados costes socio - sanitarios, la investigación de esta enfermedad es un objetivo prioritario de los sistemas de salud mundiales

Hidrogenoaren ekoizpena hiri hondakin plastikoen pirolisi eta erreformatuaren bidez

Material plastikoen kontsumoak izugarri gora egin du azken mendean. Hori dela eta, material hauek erabiltzearen ondorioz sortutako hondakinak asko handitu dira. Europar Batasuneko herrialdeetan 250 milioi tona baino gehiago hiri - hondaki n solido ( RSU ) sortzen dira urtero, urteko %3ko hazkunt zarekin. K antitate honen %7a plastiko hondakinei dagokie, hots, 17.5 milioi tona. Itsasoko uretan ere aurki daitezke plastikoak, urtero sei milioi tona eta erdi botatzen baitira itsasora, mediterraneo itsasoa izanik munduko plastiko biltegirik handiena. Itsasoan 90 urteraino iraun dezake te eta urte hauetan zehar distantzia handiak egin ditzakete aldatu gabe. Horregatik esaten da plastikoak iraunkorrak direla. Egun, hondakin plastikoen portzentaia txiki bat bakarrik birziklatzen da eta bai biltegiratzea bai erreketa bidezko eliminazioak ingurumen arazoak dituzte . Gainera, plastiko gehienak degradaezi nak dira, urte luzez ingurugiro kalteak eraginez . Hori dela eta, material hauen balorizaziorako teknologia berrien sustapena beharrezkoa da, eskala handian eraginkorrak, ekonomikoki bideragarriak eta ingurugiroa errespetatuko dutenak. Hondakin plastikoetatik abiatuz hidrogenoa lortzeko prozesua interesgarria eta bideragarria da, hidrogenoaren kontsumoaren igoe ra kontuan hartuz. Gaur egun erregai fosilen prozesaketatik lortzen da hidrogenoa, CO 2 - a ren emisio handiak sortzen direlarik. Emisio hauen murrizketa beharrezkotzat hartu da. Hau guztiagatik, Gradu Amaierako Lan honen helburu nagusia plastikoen balorizazio a ikertzea da, konkretuki hiri - hondakin solidoetan aurkitzen diren plast ikoena . Pirolisi eta ur baporearen bidezko erreformatua erabili dira hidrogenoa lortzeko, azken hau balio handiko produktua izanik. Horretarako lehenengo etapa iturri ohantze konikoan, 500 ºC - tan, buruturiko pirolisia izan da eta bigarrenik ohantze fluidizatu batean ur baporearen bidezko erreformatua burutu da , 700 ºC - tan . Helburu nagusi hau betetzeko bestelako helburu zehatzak ezarri dira, hiri - hondakin solidoetan aurkitzen diren HDPE, PP, PS eta PET plastiko nahaste baten bideragarritasuna aztertu delarik aurrez aipatutako bi etapen bidez:  Plastiko nahastearen pirolisian sorturiko konposatu hegazkorren erreformatua era jarraian burutzea.  Zero denboran e rreakzio indizeak (konbertsioa et a etekinak) eta lortutako gasaren konposizioa determinatze a .  Erreformatuan erabilitako katalizatzailearen desaktibatzeak erreakzioa ren konbertsio eta etekina n duen eragina aztertzea.

Cerebral hemodynamics during graded Valsalva maneuvers

The Valsalva maneuver (VM) produces large and abrupt changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) that challenge cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. We examined the effect of VM intensity on middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and cortical oxygenation responses during (phases I-III) and following (phase IV) a VM. Healthy participants (n = 20 mean +/- SD: 27 +/- 7 years) completed 30 and 90% of their maximal VM mouth pressure for 10 s (order randomized) whilst standing. Beat-to-beat MCAv, cerebral oxygenation (NIRS) and MAP across the different phases of the VM are reported as the difference from standing baseline. There were significant interaction (phase * intensity) effects for MCAv, total oxygenation index (TOI) and MAP (all P < 0.01). MCAv decreased during phases II and III (P < 0.01), with the greatest decrease during phase III (-5 +/- 8 and -19 +/- 15 cm.s(-1) for 30 and 90% VM, respectively). This pattern was also evident in TOI (phase III: -1 +/- 1 and -5 +/- 4%, both P < 0.05). Phase IV increased MCAv (22 +/- 15 and 34 +/- 23 cm.s(-1)), MAP (15 +/- 14 and 24 +/- 17 mm Hg) and TOI (5 +/- 6 and 7 +/- 5%) relative to baseline (all P < 0.05). Cerebral autoregulation, indexed, as the % MCAv/%MAP ratio, showed a phase effect only (P < 0.001), with the least regulation during phase IV (2.4 +/- 3.0 and 3.2 +/- 2.9). These data illustrate that an intense VM profoundly affects cerebral hemodynamics, with a reactive hyperemia occurring during phase IV following modest ischemia during phases II and III.

Physiological modules for generating discrete and rhythmic movements: Component analysis of EMG signals

A central question in Neuroscience is that of how the nervous system generates the spatiotemporal commands needed to realize complex gestures, such as handwriting. A key postulate is that the central nervous system (CNS) builds up complex movements from a set of simpler motor primitives or control modules. In this study we examined the control modules underlying the generation of muscle activations when performing different types of movement: discrete, point-to-point movements in eight different directions and continuous figure-eight movements in both the normal, upright orientation and rotated 90 degrees. To test for the effects of biomechanical constraints, movements were performed in the frontal-parallel or sagittal planes, corresponding to two different nominal flexion/abduction postures of the shoulder. In all cases we measured limb kinematics and surface electromyographic activity (EMB) signals for seven different muscles acting around the shoulder. We first performed principal component analysis (PCA) of the EMG signals on a movement-by-movement basis. We found a surprisingly consistent pattern of muscle groupings across movement types and movement planes, although we could detect systematic differences between the PCs derived from movements performed in each sholder posture and between the principal components associated with the different orientations of the figure. Unexpectedly we found no systematic differences between the figute eights and the point-to-point movements. The first three principal components could be associated with a general co-contraction of all seven muscles plus two patterns of reciprocal activatoin. From these results, we surmise that both "discrete-rhythmic movements" such as the figure eight, and discrete point-to-point movement may be constructed from three different fundamental modules, one regulating the impedance of the limb over the time span of the movement and two others operating to generate movement, one aligned with the vertical and the other aligned with the horizontal.