Metal-Free Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Nanoparticles by Enamine "Click" Chemistry at Room Temperature

"Click" chemistry has become an efficient avenue to unimolecular polymeric nanoparticles through the self-crosslinking of individual polymer chains containing appropriate functional groups. Herein we report the synthesis of ultra-small (7 nm in size) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanoparticles (NPs) by the "metal-free" cross-linking of PMMA-precursor chains prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization containing beta-ketoester functional groups. Intramolecular collapse was performed by the one-pot reaction of beta-ketoester moieties with alkyl diamines in tetrahydrofurane at r.t. (i.e., by enamine formation). The collapsing process was followed by size exclusion chromatography and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The size of the resulting PMMA-NPs was determined by dynamic light scattering. Enamine "click" chemistry increases the synthetic toolbox for the efficient synthesis of metal-free, ultra-small polymeric NPs.

Two Nuclear Localization Signals in USP1 Mediate Nuclear Import of the USP1/UAF1 Complex

9 p. : il.

Advances in Click Chemistry for Single-Chain Nanoparticle Construction

Single-chain polymeric nanoparticles are artificial folded soft nano-objects of ultra-small size which have recently gained prominence in nanoscience and nanotechnology due to their exceptional and sometimes unique properties. This review focuses on the current state of the investigations of click chemistry techniques for highly-efficient single-chain nanoparticle construction. Additionally, recent progress achieved for the use of well-defined single-chain nanoparticles in some promising fields, such as nanomedicine and catalysis, is highlighted.

From transistor to trapped-ion computers for quantum chemistry

Over the last few decades, quantum chemistry has progressed through the development of computational methods based on modern digital computers. However, these methods can hardly fulfill the exponentially-growing resource requirements when applied to large quantum systems. As pointed out by Feynman, this restriction is intrinsic to all computational models based on classical physics. Recently, the rapid advancement of trapped-ion technologies has opened new possibilities for quantum control and quantum simulations. Here, we present an efficient toolkit that exploits both the internal and motional degrees of freedom of trapped ions for solving problems in quantum chemistry, including molecular electronic structure, molecular dynamics, and vibronic coupling. We focus on applications that go beyond the capacity of classical computers, but may be realizable on state-of-the-art trapped-ion systems. These results allow us to envision a new paradigm of quantum chemistry that shifts from the current transistor to a near-future trapped-ion-based technology.

Validación de la cuantificación de la concentración hepática de hierro mediante resonancia magnética nuclear de 1-Tesla

Introducción: La medición de la concentración de hierro hepática (CHH) por RM es una técnica no invasiva de gran utilidad en el diagnóstico de los pacientes con sospecha de sobrecarga férrica en hígado. Objetivo:Validar la eficacia de la RM 1 Tesla en la determinación de la (CHH) en pacientes con sospecha de sobrecarga férrica. Validar su capacidad para diagnosticar o descartar la presencia de una CHH sugestiva de hemocromatosis. Pacientes y métodos:Estudio observacional, transversal, con inclusión prospectiva de pacientes consecutivos. De 2002 a 2010 hemos obtenido la CHH estimada mediante RM 1 Tesla (método Gandon) y de RM 1,5 Tesla (método Alústiza), y mediante BH, en 56 pacientes consecutivos (58RM:35/23). Resultados:Grupo RM 1 Tesla: de acuerdo con CHH en BH, 15 pacientes clasificados como normales (<36µmol/g)-la RM valoró correctamente 7; sobreestimó 8-; 15 grupo hemosiderosis (36-80 µmol/g)-RM valoró correctamente 5, sobreestimó 10-; 5 grupo hemocromatosis (>80 µmol/g)-valoró correctamente las 5-. Existió una correlación entre la determinación de la CHH por BH y RM 1 Tesla con r=0.619. Existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) entre CHH media por biopsia (53.43/DE45.67/IC95%37.74 a 69.12) y por RM 1 Tesla (76.14/DE47.31/IC95% 60.46 a 92.97), con sobrevaloración por parte de la RM. Grupo RM 1,5 Tesla: de acuerdo con CHH en BH, normal en 14, hemosiderosis en 6 y hemocromatosis en 3. La RM valoró correctamente 6 y sobreestimó 8 en grupo normal; grupo hemosiderosis, 3 correctamente, 3 sobrevalorados; grupo hemocromatosis, valoró correctamente los 3. La correlación entre CHH por BH y RM 1,5 Tesla fue de r=0.815. La CHH media obtenida por BH (69,34/DE152.1/IC95% 3.57 a 135.1 ) y RM 1,5 Tesla (70.43/DE 57.63/IC95% 45.51 a 95.36) no demostraron diferencias significativas (p>0.05). Conclusiones: La determinación de CHH por RM 1 Tesla (método Gandon) es útil para diagnosticar o descartar hemocromatosis y para diagnosticar CHH normal. Existe una importante tendencia a la sobreestimación en pacientes sin y con sobrecarga férrica en la CHH obtenida por RM 1 Tesla. La determinación de CHH por RM 1,5 Tesla (método Alústiza) es superior a la de RM 1 Tesla, aunque también existe una tendencia a sobreestimar. La CHH media obtenida por BH o RM 1,5 Tesla no tuvieron diferencias significativas. En cambio si existieron entre BH y RM 1 Tesla.

Effects of Climate Change on the European Nuclear Power Sector

4 p.

Recursos de combustible en central nuclear de fusión en el País Vasco

[ES]Este trabajo surge de la inquietud del alumno sobre la energía nuclear y mas concretamente sobre la energía de fusión. Esta inquietud se plasma en una recopilación de información sobre los combustibles necesarios , su abundancia y su forma de obtención actual. Analizaremos la posibilidad de implantar alguna de estas plantas de combustible en el País Vasco, junto con un estudio de una posible central nuclear de fusión con la suma de la potencia de cada uno de los reactores de fisión que se encuentran actualmente en funcionamiento en el estado Español. Compararemos las cantidades de combustible necesarias en un año de uranio y el combustible de fusión, así como el coste de construcción de cada una.

Evaluación de dosis de radiación producida por una pérdida de refrigerante en reactor nuclear.

EN]This is a document done to try to see the effect of a nuclear power plant accident. In particular, it studies what would be the radiation doses delivered to the people in the close areas around the power plant of Garoña, if it had suffered from a loss of coolant accident during its normal functioning.

Exploring new labelling strategies for boronated compounds: towards fast development and efficient assessment of BNCT drug candidates

208 p.

Funcionalización y estudio de nanopartículas de magnetita para su aplicación en terapias de hipertermia magnética

262 p.

New Nuclear SNP Markers Unravel the Genetic Structure and Effective Population Size of Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga)

In the present study we have investigated the population genetic structure of albacore (Thunnus alalunga, Bonnaterre 1788) and assessed the loss of genetic diversity, likely due to overfishing, of albacore population in the North Atlantic Ocean. For this purpose, 1,331 individuals from 26 worldwide locations were analyzed by genotyping 75 novel nuclear SNPs. Our results indicated the existence of four genetically homogeneous populations delimited within the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Current definition of stocks allows the sustainable management of albacore since no stock includes more than one genetic entity. In addition, short-and long-term effective population sizes were estimated for the North Atlantic Ocean albacore population, and results showed no historical decline for this population. Therefore, the genetic diversity and, consequently, the adaptive potential of this population have not been significantly affected by overfishing.

Low Effort L-i Nuclear Fusion Plasma Control Using Model Predictive Control Laws

One of the main problems of fusion energy is to achieve longer pulse duration by avoiding the premature reaction decay due to plasma instabilities. The control of the plasma inductance arises as an essential tool for the successful operation of tokamak fusion reactors in order to overcome stability issues as well as the new challenges specific to advanced scenarios operation. In this sense, given that advanced tokamaks will suffer from limited power available from noninductive current drive actuators, the transformer primary coil could assist in reducing the power requirements of the noninductive current drive sources needed for current profile control. Therefore, tokamak operation may benefit from advanced control laws beyond the traditionally used PID schemes by reducing instabilities while guaranteeing the tokamak integrity. In this paper, a novel model predictive control (MPC) scheme has been developed and successfully employed to optimize both current and internal inductance of the plasma, which influences the L-H transition timing, the density peaking, and pedestal pressure. Results show that the internal inductance and current profiles can be adequately controlled while maintaining the minimal control action required in tokamak operation.

Efficient Synthesis of Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles via Amide Formation

Single-chain technology (SCT) allows the transformation of individual polymer chains to folded/collapsed unimolecular soft nanoparticles. In this work we contribute to the enlargement of the SCT toolbox by demonstrating the efficient synthesis of single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) via intrachain amide formation. In particular, we exploit cross-linking between active methylene groups and isocyanate moieties as powerful "click" chemistry driving force for SCNP construction. By employing poly(methyl methacrylate)- (PMMA-) based copolymers bearing beta-ketoester units distributed randomly along the copolymer chains and bifunctional isocyanate cross-linkers, SCNPs were successfully synthesized at r.t. under appropriate reaction conditions. Characterization of the resulting SCNPs was carried out by means of a combination of techniques including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 NMR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and elemental analysis (EA).