Delivery of small nucleic acids by conjugation to carbohydrates and lipids as novel research and therapeutic tools

399 p. : il., graf.

Apuntes jurídicos sobre el paisaje lingüístico en Euskal Herria

This paper is a study of place-names and signs in the Basque Country from the point of view of language law. These are matters that relate to both the status and corpus of language and contribute to the formation of the language landscape,» After a brief historical introduction, the author focuses on the factors that bear on signs and the language 1andscape: the cornpetence factor and the language factor. The description of the latter leads the author to a discussion of the existing language system, in which the Spanish and Basque sharing official status does not necessarily entail the obligation to use both languages at the same time. Using this discussion as a frame of reference, the au- thor analyses place-names, traffic signals and signs. As for place-names, the existing rules are deemed rigid and lacking in ambition, in that they do not pursue the dissemination of official Basque forms. In traffic signaIs, Basque has to appear alongside Spanish, which is required by Spanish legislation, although this bilingualism excludes place-names that have an official Basque form only. With regard to signs, the author analyses public premises, companies licensed to provide public services and the private sector. For public premises there is no specific regulation, but the status of Basque as an autochthonous language, together with the identification and informatíon purposes of signs, could support the exclusive use of this language, According to the author , companies licensed to provide public services should observe the same language system as the goverment and therefore promote the use of Basque. Finally, in the private sector, the author upholds the legitimacy of measures to promote Basque language use such as tax allowances and exemptions in advertising and commercial signs.

Virgilio Txerribuztangoerrekan. (I. Bukoliken eta Georgiken euskal itzulpenak)

[ES] Las traducciones de los clásicos antiguos empiezan a asomar en la literatura vasca a principios del siglo XIX: su objeto no es, en modo alguno, hacerlos accesibles a un público que de otro modo no podría leerlos, sino servir de ejercicio primero a los traductores y después a los lectores y, a un tiempo y sobre todo, dignificar la literatura vasca con obras de validez universal que, además, no implican la sumisión a ninguna cultura nacional. El que Virgilio haya sido siempre —con excepción del paréntesis romántico— el clásico por excelencia ha hecho que sus traducciones ocupen un lugar sobresaliente también en la historia de las letras vascas: el anónimo autor del manuscrito Melibeo del fondo Bonaparte, Iturriaga, Miangolarra, Arregi, Ibiñagabeitia y Orixe son los autores de esta porción —sin duda la más importante con mucho— del Fortleben vasco de Virgilio. Las traducciones de las Églogas y Geórgicas se analizan aquí desde la perspectiva que imponen la filología y la historia literaria: por un lado, se establecen las bases para, primero, interpretar correctamente dichas traducciones en su calidad de tales y, segundo, situarlas debidamente en el conjunto de la obras de sus autores y, en general, en la historia de la literatura vasca; por otro lado, se presta especial atención a las peculiaridades —notables— que la pervivencia de Virgilio presenta en el País Vasco.

The long road of climate negotiations: From Kyoto to Paris stopping over in Doha

4 p.

Current Approaches for Predicting a Lack of Response to Anti-EGFR Therapy in KRAS Wild-Type Patients

Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been one of the most effective colorectal cancer strategies. Anti-EGFR antibodies function by binding to the extracellular domain of EGFR, preventing its activation, and ultimately providing clinical benefit. KRAS mutations in codons 12 and 13 are recognized prognostic and predictive biomarkers that should be analyzed at the clinic prior to the administration of anti-EGFR therapy. However, still an important fraction of KRAS wild-type patients do not respond to the treatment. The identification of additional genetic determinants of primary or secondary resistance to EGFR targeted therapy for further improving the selection of patients is urgent. Herein, we review the latest published literature highlighting the most important genes that may predict resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in colorectal cancer patients. According to the available findings, the evaluation of BRAF, NRAS, PIK3CA, and PTEN status could be the right strategy to select patients who are likely to respond to anti-EGFR therapies. In the future, the combination of those biomarkers will help establish consensus that can be introduced into clinical practice.

ADAPTECC: A Role-Play Game about Adapting to Climate Change

The ADAPTECC Climate Change Adaptation Game is a role-play game designed to enable players to experience the difficulties that arise at local and regional levels when authorities have to implement adaptation measures. Adaptation means anticipating the advert effects of climate change (CC) and taking measures to prevent and minimise the damage caused by its impacts. Each player takes the role of the mayor or a councillor of a town affected by CC who must decide what adaptation strategies and measures to take, or of a member of the Regional Environment Department which must distribute funding for adaptation among the various towns. At the end of the game, players should have a greater understanding of the challenges posed by adaptation to CC

Eurobalise-Train communication modelling to assess interferences in railway control signalling systems

The evolution of the railway sector depends, to a great extent, on the deployment of advanced railway signalling systems. These signalling systems are based on communication architectures that must cope with complex electromagnetical environments. This paper is outlined in the context of developing the necessary tools to allow the quick deployment of these signalling systems by contributing to an easier analysis of their behaviour under the effect of electromagnetical interferences. Specifically, this paper presents the modelling of the Eurobalise-train communication flow in a general purpose simulation tool. It is critical to guarantee this communication link since any lack of communication may lead to a stop of the train and availability problems. In order to model precisely this communication link we used real measurements done in a laboratory equipped with elements defined in the suitable subsets. Through the simulation study carried out, we obtained performance indicators of the physical layer such as the received power, SNR and BER. The modelling presented in this paper is a required step to be able to provide quality of service indicators related to perturbed scenarios.