Adam Smith on labour and value: challenging the standard interpretation

This paper was presented at the Seminars of the Department of Foundations of Economic Analysis I, University of the Basque Country in September 2004.

Literaturaren zertarakoa, itzulpenak eta hizkuntzaren auzia Orixerengan

Ejemplar dedicado a: Beñat Oihartzabali gorazarre - Festchrift for Bernard Oyharçabal/ Ricardo Etxepare, Ricardo Gómez, Joseba Andoni Lakarra ( eds.)

Changes in social inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in Southern Europe: the case of the Basque Country

Background: Health expectancy is a useful tool to monitor health inequalities. The evidence about the recent changes in social inequalities in healthy expectancy is relatively scarce and inconclusive, and most studies have focused on Anglo-Saxon and central or northern European countries. The objective of this study was to analyse the changes in socioeconomic inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in a Southern European population, the Basque Country, during the first decade of the 21st century. Methods: This was an ecological cross-sectional study of temporal trends on the Basque population in 1999-2003 and 2004-2008. All-cause mortality rate, life expectancy, prevalence of disability and disability free-life expectancy were calculated for each period according to the deprivation level of the area of residence. The slope index of inequality and the relative index of inequality were calculated to summarize and compare the inequalities in the two periods. Results: Disability free-life expectancy decreased as area deprivation increased both in men and in women. The difference between the most extreme groups in 2004-2008 was 6.7 years in men and 3.7 in women. Between 1999-2003 and 2004-2008, socioeconomic inequalities in life expectancy decreased, and inequalities in disability-free expectancy increased in men and decreased in women. Conclusions: This study found important socioeconomic inequalities in health expectancy in the Basque Country. These inequalities increased in men and decreased in women in the first decade of the 21st century, during which the Basque Country saw considerable economic growth.

Dendrorremediación: El uso de Betula alba para monitorizar y reducir el contenido de metales en suelos mineros.

[EN] The intense industrial activity that took place over the past century resulted in large contaminated áreas. This is an important risk to human health and environmental safety. Recent biotechnological techniques for bioremediation include phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove or stabilize contaminants in soils. In our study we choose birch (Betula alba) as the preferred species to remedy mining soils, due to it produces a large biomass and can accumulate high levels of toxic elements in its tissues. The aim of this study was (i) to determine the possibility of using this species in reforestation and/or remediation of mining soils (ii) to elucidate the potential of tocopherol levels as indicators of heavy metal pollution. Trees growing in mining soils with high concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb were sampled and the metal content in various organs and in tree rings was analyzed. α-tocoferol levels were also analyzed as an indicator of stress. The results showed a different distribution of metals in plant tissues. Zn and Cd had a higher accumulation in leaves, whereas Pb was stored in the timber. In addition, the metal content in tree rings was higher in older rings, leading to a conclusion that older tissues present a detoxification strategy. Furthermore, we saw how the presence of α- tocoferol on branches can be an indicator of metal stress in plants and it can be also used as a monitoring factor.