Decomposing the Gender Wage Gap: The effect of firms, occupations and Job Stratification

This paper presents new evidence on the role of segregation into firms, occupations within a firm and stratification into professional categories within firm-occupations in explaining the gender wage gap. I use a generalized earnings model that allows observed and unobserved group characteristics to have different impact on wages of men and women within the same group. The database is a large sample of individual wage data from the 1995 Spanish Wage Structure Survey. Results indicate that firm segregation in our sample accounts for around one-fifth of the raw gender wage gap. Occupational segregation within firms accounts for about one-third of the raw wage gap, and stratification into different professional categories within firms and occupations explains another one-third of it. The remaining one-fifth of the overall gap arises from better outcomes of men relative to women within professional categories. It is also found that rewards to both observable and unobservable skills, particularly those related to education, are higher for males than for females within the same group. Finally, mean wages in occupations or job categories with a higher fraction of female co-workers are lower, but the negative impact of femaleness in higher for women.

The structure and the dynamics of poly(vinyl methyl ether) PVME and in PVME concentrated water solution : a study by neutron scattering and fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations

175 p. : il.

Water quality assessment and characterisation of chlorophyll-a variability related to river discharges, within the southeastern Bay of Biscay : evaluation and development of chlorophyll-a algorithms for MODIS and MERIS imagery

222 p. : il.

BAMS: A Tool for Supervised Burned Area Mapping Using Landsat Data

A new supervised burned area mapping software named BAMS (Burned Area Mapping Software) is presented in this paper. The tool was built from standard ArcGIS (TM) libraries. It computes several of the spectral indexes most commonly used in burned area detection and implements a two-phase supervised strategy to map areas burned between two Landsat multitemporal images. The only input required from the user is the visual delimitation of a few burned areas, from which burned perimeters are extracted. After the discrimination of burned patches, the user can visually assess the results, and iteratively select additional sampling burned areas to improve the extent of the burned patches. The final result of the BAMS program is a polygon vector layer containing three categories: (a) burned perimeters, (b) unburned areas, and (c) non-observed areas. The latter refer to clouds or sensor observation errors. Outputs of the BAMS code meet the requirements of file formats and structure of standard validation protocols. This paper presents the tool's structure and technical basis. The program has been tested in six areas located in the United States, for various ecosystems and land covers, and then compared against the National Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) Burned Area Boundaries Dataset.

Bilboko Eraztun Berdeko ekosistemek eskaintzen dituzten zerbitzuen azterketa eta erabiltzaileen pertzepzioa

[EUS] Hiriko ekosistemak garrantzi handiko gune berdeak bilakatzen ari diren honetan, geroz eta gehiago dira eremu naturalen kudeaketarako estrategiak garatzeko biodibertsitatearen eta ekosistemen zerbitzuen balioa kontuan hartu behar dela uste dutenak. Ekosistemen zerbitzuen (gizakiak ekosistematik eskuratzen dituen onurak) kudeaketa jasangarria garatzeko, zerbitzuon eskaintza eta eskaria kontuan hartzen dituzten aspektu biofisiko, sozio-kultural eta ekonomikoak ezagutzea beharrezkoa da. Ikerketa honetan, hiritarrek Bilboko Eraztun Berdeko ekosistemek eskaintzen dituzten zerbitzuen inguruan duten pertzepzioa ezagutu nahi da, jendeak eskaintzen diren zerbitzu guztiak hautematen dituen jakiteko. Horretarako, ikertutako arean ekosistemen hiru zerbitzu kartografiatu dira (aspektu biofisikoa) eta 111 pertsona inkestatu dira euren iritzia ezagutzeko (aspektu sozio-kultural eta ekonomikoa). Hala, ikusi da hiritarrek naturak ongizaterako duen garrantzia ezagutzen dutela, nahiz eta ekosistemen zerbitzuen kontzeptua ez ezagutu. Dena dela, ekosistemak egoera onean mantentzeko prest daude, bereziki garrantzitsuak iruditzen baitzaizkie erregulaziozko zerbitzuak (airearen kalitatea) eta zerbitzu kulturalak (lasaitasuna, aisia, eta naturarekin kontaktua). Beraz, emaitza hauek kontuan hartu beharko lituzkete Bilboko Eraztun Berdeko ekosistemen kudeaketaz arduratzen diren agintariek, etorkizun hurbilean zerbitzuen eskaintza eta eskariaren arteko kudeaketa orekatua garatzeko.