Control de convertidor DC/AC trifásico por eliminación selectiva de armónicos

[ES]El objetivo de este trabajo es el desarrollo de un sistema de control de un inversor trifásico mediante una modulación PWM, basada en la eliminación selectiva de armónicos. En este documento se describen las técnicas empleadas en los sistemas actuales, los métodos para implementar el sistema de control propuesto, las tareas a realizar durante el desarrollo del proyecto, una estimación económica y los resultados obtenidos. Con esto, se pretende demostrar que la eficiencia de la solución propuesta es mayor que la de los métodos actuales y que es posible implementarla de una manera sencilla.

A colorectal cancer genome-wide association study in a Spanish cohort identifies two variants associated with colorectal cancer risk at 1p33 and 8p12

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease of complex aetiology, with much of the expected inherited risk being due to several common low risk variants. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified 20 CRC risk variants. Nevertheless, these have only been able to explain part of the missing heritability. Moreover, these signals have only been inspected in populations of Northern European origin. Results: Thus, we followed the same approach in a Spanish cohort of 881 cases and 667 controls. Sixty-four variants at 24 loci were found to be associated with CRC at p-values <10-5. We therefore evaluated the 24 loci in another Spanish replication cohort (1481 cases and 1850 controls). Two of these SNPs, rs12080929 at 1p33 (P-replication=0.042; P-pooled=5.523x10(-03); OR (CI95%)=0.866(0.782-0.959)) and rs11987193 at 8p12 (P-replication=0.039; P-pooled=6.985x10(-5); OR (CI95%)=0.786(0.705-0.878)) were replicated in the second Phase, although they did not reach genome-wide statistical significance. Conclusions: We have performed the first CRC GWAS in a Southern European population and by these means we were able to identify two new susceptibility variants at 1p33 and 8p12 loci. These two SNPs are located near the SLC5A9 and DUSP4 loci, respectively, which could be good functional candidates for the association signals. We therefore believe that these two markers constitute good candidates for CRC susceptibility loci and should be further evaluated in other larger datasets. Moreover, we highlight that were these two SNPs true susceptibility variants, they would constitute a decrease in the CRC missing heritability fraction.

Evidence for classification of c.1852_1853AA > GC in MLH1 as a neutral variant for Lynch syndrome

Background: Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome characterized by early onset cancers of the colorectum, endometrium and other tumours. A significant proportion of DNA variants in LS patients are unclassified. Reports on the pathogenicity of the c.1852_1853AA>GC (p.Lys618Ala) variant of the MLH1 gene are conflicting. In this study, we provide new evidence indicating that this variant has no significant implications for LS. Methods: The following approach was used to assess the clinical significance of the p.Lys618Ala variant: frequency in a control population, case-control comparison, co-occurrence of the p.Lys618Ala variant with a pathogenic mutation, co-segregation with the disease and microsatellite instability in tumours from carriers of the variant. We genotyped p.Lys618Ala in 1034 individuals (373 sporadic colorectal cancer [CRC] patients, 250 index subjects from families suspected of having LS [revised Bethesda guidelines] and 411 controls). Three well-characterized LS families that fulfilled the Amsterdam II Criteria and consisted of members with the p.Lys618Ala variant were included to assess co-occurrence and co-segregation. A subset of colorectal tumour DNA samples from 17 patients carrying the p.Lys618Ala variant was screened for microsatellite instability using five mononucleotide markers. Results: Twenty-seven individuals were heterozygous for the p.Lys618Ala variant; nine had sporadic CRC (2.41%), seven were suspected of having hereditary CRC (2.8%) and 11 were controls (2.68%). There were no significant associations in the case-control and case-case studies. The p.Lys618Ala variant was co-existent with pathogenic mutations in two unrelated LS families. In one family, the allele distribution of the pathogenic and unclassified variant was in trans, in the other family the pathogenic variant was detected in the MSH6 gene and only the deleterious variant co-segregated with the disease in both families. Only two positive cases of microsatellite instability (2/17, 11.8%) were detected in tumours from p.Lys618Ala carriers, indicating that this variant does not play a role in functional inactivation of MLH1 in CRC patients. Conclusions: The p.Lys618Ala variant should be considered a neutral variant for LS. These findings have implications for the clinical management of CRC probands and their relatives.

Association between CASP8-652 6N Del Polymorphism (rs3834129) and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Results from a Multi-Centric Study

The common 2652 6N del variant in the CASP8 promoter (rs3834129) has been described as a putative low-penetrance risk factor for different cancer types. In particular, some studies suggested that the deleted allele (del) was inversely associated with CRC risk while other analyses failed to confirm this. Hence, to better understand the role of this variant in the risk of developing CRC, we performed a multi-centric case-control study. In the study, the variant 2652 6N del was genotyped in a total of 6,733 CRC cases and 7,576 controls recruited by six different centers located in Spain, Italy, USA, England, Czech Republic and the Netherlands collaborating to the international consortium COGENT (COlorectal cancer GENeTics). Our analysis indicated that rs3834129 was not associated with CRC risk in the full data set. However, the del allele was under-represented in one set of cases with a family history of CRC (per allele model OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.69-0.90) suggesting this allele might be a protective factor versus familial CRC. Since this multi-centric case-control study was performed on a very large sample size, it provided robust clarification of the effect of rs3834129 on the risk of developing CRC in Caucasians.

Phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain of histone H1: effects on secondary structure and DNA condensation

Linker histone H1 plays an important role in chromatin folding. Phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases is the main post-translational modification of histone H1. We studied the effects of phosphorylation on the secondary structure of the DNA-bound H1 carboxy-terminal domain (CTD), which contains most of the phosphorylation sites of the molecule. The effects of phosphorylation on the secondary structure of the DNA-bound CTD were site-specific and depended on the number of phosphate groups. Full phosphorylation significantly increased the proportion of -structure and decreased that of -helix. Partial phosphorylation increased the amount of undefined structure and decreased that of -helix without a significant increase in -structure. Phosphorylation had a moderate effect on the affinity of the CTD for the DNA, which was proportional to the number of phosphate groups. Partial phosphorylation drastically reduced the aggregation of DNA fragments by the CTD, but full phosphorylation restored to a large extent the aggregation capacity of the unphosphorylated domain. These results support the involvement of H1 hyperphosphorylation in metaphase chromatin condensation and of H1 partial phosphorylation in interphase chromatin relaxation. More generally, our results suggest that the effects of phosphorylation are mediated by specific structural changes and are not simply a consequence of the net charge.

Presio ultzeren agerpen arriskua: Iritzi klinikoa eta balorazio eskalen arteko konparaketa

Presio ultzerak osasun publikoaren arazo bat dira, asaldura fisiko, psikologiko, ekonomiko eta sozial asko eragiten dituztelako. Ultzerak tratatzeko hainbat modu ezagutzen dira, baina argi dago tratamendu onena prebentzioa dela. Haien agerpena saihesteko ezinbestekoa da ultzera bat pairatzeko arriskua baloratzea. Hau egiteko profesionalek iritzi edo epaiketa klinikoa erabili dezakete (haien esperientziaren bitartez ultzera begi bistaz baloratu) edo eskala protokolizatuak erabili ditzakete. Lan honetan, berrikuspen bibliografiko baten bitartez, gehien erabiltzen diren balorazio eskalei buruzko informazioa lortu da. Beste aldetik, iritzi klinikoaren eta balorazio eskalen eraginkortasun klinikoa konparatu da. Azkenik, eskalak euren artean konparatu dira, bakoitzaren ezaugarriak aztertuz. Eskala asko argitaratu egin dira denboran zehar baina gehien balioztatuak eta erabilienak bost dira: Braden, Norton, EMINA, Waterlow eta Cubbin-Jackson. Eskalen artean Braden eta Norton dira eraginkorrenak (hurrenez hurren), Waterlow postu baxuago batean geratuz. EMINA gutxiago erabiltzen da, baina bere eraginkortasuna Braden-en antzekoa da. Dena den, hau baieztatzeko ikerketa gehiago behar dira. Cubbin-Jackson oso eraginkorra da ere baina bere erabilpena paziente akutuetan bereizita dago. Eskalen harrera profesionalen partetik nahiko ona izan da. Haien erabilpena erraza dela diote gehienek, eta ia erdiek metodo hau erabiltzen dute arriskua baloratzeko. %20ak epaiketa eta eskalak batera erabiltzen dituzte, eskalei garrantzia handiena emanez. Frogatu izan da eskalek epaiketa klinikoarekin konparatuz sentsibilitate altuagoa daukatela, hau da, arriskuan dauden paziente kopuru gehiago detektatuko dituztela, nahiz eta bi metodoen efikazia antzekoa izan. Eskalek beraz, faktore gehiago kontuan hartu eta pazientea modu zehatzago batean aztertzen dute. Orokorrean esan daiteke eskalak eraginkorrak direla baina ikerketa gehiago behar dira balidazio sakonago bat egiteko.

Sistema de control de inversor de potencia monofásico por eliminación de armónicos

[ES]Este proyecto consiste en el diseño de un sistema de control integrado para inversores de potencia monofásicos haciendo uso del algoritmo de eliminación de armónicos. De este modo, permite generar una señal de salida con frecuencia controlada, ideal para la alimentación de motores eléctricos monofásicos. El objetivo del mismo es lograr la implementación de un algoritmo de rendimiento superior a las alternativas PWM para casos de frecuencia de salida elevada. El sistema incluye el software y hardware necesario para implementación completa, así como los documentos necesarios para su fabricación en serie.

Control de un sistema de accionamientos de traslación basado en correa para un manipulador de cinemática paralela

[ES]Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado “Control de un sistema de accionamientos de traslación basado en correa para un manipulador de cinemática paralela” tiene como objetivo principal la implementación de un sistema de control que nos permita manejar un manipulador de cinemática paralela de dos grados de libertad accionado mediante dos motores eléctricos de corriente continua. Como componente central de este sistema de control, se dispondrá de un ordenador portátil cuyo procesador será el encargado de ejecutar las acciones necesarias para que pueda llevarse a cabo esta actividad de control. De esta forma, la tarea más importante y laboriosa a llevar cabo en este proyecto será el desarrollo de un aplicación de control que, corriendo en el citado ordenador, permitirá al usuario manejar el manipulador de cinemática paralela en cuestión. Para ello, esta aplicación deberá ser capaz de interpretar las ordenes de movimiento dadas por el usuario y transmitirlas al procesador del mencionado ordenador. Además de todo lo anterior, para completar el desarrollo del sistema de control, será necesaria la implementación de diversos sensores que se encargarán de detectar y transmitir las señales necesarias para evitar situaciones de emergencia en el que el manipulador estuviese a punto de chocar con algún objeto o persona. En conclusión, mediante el cumplimiento de los objetivos de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado, se va a disponer de un sistema de control sencillo, intuitivo y fácilmente operable, que va a permitir a cualquier futuro usuario del mismo el manejo de un robot de cinemática paralela.

Análisis de prestaciones de variador de frecuencia SINAMICS en Control Vectorial de velocidad y de par.

[ES]En este Trabajo de Fin de Grado se expone el análisis de prestaciones de variador de frecuencia SINAMICS G120. El variador ha sido controlado mediante el software de control TIA Portal, con el que se han realizado ensayos en el control vectorial de velocidad y de par.

Gain Scheduling Control of an Islanded Microgrid Voltage

The aim of this research study has been to design a gain scheduling (GS) digital controller in order to control the voltage of an islanded microgrid in the presence of fast varying loads (FVLs), and to compare it to a robust controller. The inverter which feeds the microgrid is connected to it through an inductance-capacitor-inductance (LCL) filter. The oscillatory and nonlinear behaviour of the plant is analyzed in the whole operating zone. Afterwards, the design of the controllers which contain two loops in cascade are described. The first loop concerns the current control, while the second is linked to the voltage regulation. Two controllers, one defined as Robust and another one as GS controller, are designed for the two loops, emphasizing in their robustness and their ability to damp the oscillatory plant behaviour. To finish, some simulations are carried out to study and compare the two kinds of controllers in different operating points. The results show that both controllers damp the oscillatory behaviour of the plant in closed loop (CL), and that the GS controller ensures a better rejection of current disturbances from FVLs.

Diseño de una tarjeta de drivers para un inversor de potencia.

[EN]The purpose of this project is to design a system which improves the e ciency of power inverters. The project is focused in the analysis of the di erent power semiconductors (based on silicon, silicon carbide and gallium nitride) and driver applications. This system can be implemented in di erent future versions of power inverters and in many kind of applications like electrical vehicles. Other than that, it can be also implemented on any machinery requiring an inverter obtaining more energy and reduce manufacturing costs.

The MLH1 c.1852_1853delinsGC (p.K618A) Variant in Colorectal Cancer: Genetic Association Study in 18,723 Individuals

Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent neoplasms and an important cause of mortality in the developed world. Mendelian syndromes account for about 5% of the total burden of CRC, being Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis the most common forms. Lynch syndrome tumors develop mainly as a consequence of defective DNA mismatch repair associated with germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. A significant proportion of variants identified by screening these genes correspond to missense or noncoding changes without a clear pathogenic consequence, and they are designated as "variants of uncertain significance'', being the c.1852_1853delinsGC (p.K618A) variant in the MLH1 gene a clear example. The implication of this variant as a low-penetrance risk variant for CRC was assessed in the present study by performing a case-control study within a large cohort from the COGENT consortium-COST Action BM1206 including 18,723 individuals (8,055 colorectal cancer cases and 10,668 controls) and a case-only genotype-phenotype correlation with several clinical and pathological characteristics restricted to the Epicolon cohort. Our results showed no involvement of this variant as a low-penetrance variant for colorectal cancer genetic susceptibility and no association with any clinical and pathological characteristics including family history for this neoplasm or Lynch syndrome.

Association between CASP8-652 6N Del Polymorphism (rs3834129) and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Results from a Multi-Centric Study

The common 2652 6N del variant in the CASP8 promoter (rs3834129) has been described as a putative low-penetrance risk factor for different cancer types. In particular, some studies suggested that the deleted allele (del) was inversely associated with CRC risk while other analyses failed to confirm this. Hence, to better understand the role of this variant in the risk of developing CRC, we performed a multi-centric case-control study. In the study, the variant 2652 6N del was genotyped in a total of 6,733 CRC cases and 7,576 controls recruited by six different centers located in Spain, Italy, USA, England, Czech Republic and the Netherlands collaborating to the international consortium COGENT (COlorectal cancer GENeTics). Our analysis indicated that rs3834129 was not associated with CRC risk in the full data set. However, the del allele was under-represented in one set of cases with a family history of CRC (per allele model OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.69-0.90) suggesting this allele might be a protective factor versus familial CRC. Since this multi-centric case-control study was performed on a very large sample size, it provided robust clarification of the effect of rs3834129 on the risk of developing CRC in Caucasians.

Efficacy of a cognitive and behavioural psychotherapy applied by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder: a research protocol

Background: In contrast with the recommendations of clinical practice guidelines, the most common treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care is pharmacological. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention, delivered by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder compared to usual care. Methods/Design: This is an open-label, multicentre, randomized, and controlled study with two parallel groups. A random sample of 246 patients will be recruited with mild-to-moderate mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, from the target population on the lists of 41 primary care doctors. Patients will be randomly assigned to the intervention group, who will receive standardised cognitive-behavioural therapy delivered by psychologists together with usual care, or to a control group, who will receive usual care alone. The cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention is composed of eight individual 60-minute face-to face sessions conducted in eight consecutive weeks. A follow-up session will be conducted over the telephone, for reinforcement or referral as appropriate, 6 months after the intervention, as required. The primary outcome variable will be the change in scores on the Short Form-36 General Health Survey. We will also measure the change in the frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory) at baseline, and 3, 6 and 12 months later. Additionally, we will collect information on the use of drugs and health care services. Discussion: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a primary care-based cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. The international scientific evidence has demonstrated the need for psychologists in primary care. However, given the differences between health policies and health services, it is important to test the effect of these psychological interventions in our geographical setting.