Gestión Energética. Estimación de necesidades de potencia eólica.

[ES]Este trabajo de fin de grado (TFG) pretende analizar la evolución de la demanda en el sistema eléctrico peninsular y la potencia disponible para decidir si, en el medio plazo, será necesario incorporar nueva potencia o prescindir de alguna de las centrales existentes. El estudio considerará tanto fuentes de energía renovables como no renovables, centrándose en la necesidad, o no, de incorporar nueva potencia eólica. El TFG considerará los siguientes aspectos: el contexto energético de la península española, el análisis de la situación actual y previsiones. Este TFG responde a la necesidad de realizar una buena gestión energética con el objetivo reducir las emisiones de CO2 mejorando el uso de la energía eólica y optimizando el mix energético.

Aerosorgailu palen aplikazioetarako pvc espumaren degradazio termiko eta propietate mekanikoen karakterizazioa

[EU]Energia berriztagarria iturri naturaletatik sortzen den energia mota da. Energia lortzeko erabiltzen diren baliabide naturalak asko dira, eguzki-energia, haizea, ura… Energia berriztagarrien artean, eolikoa da zabalkunde handien lortu duena; batez ere ingurumen-inpaktu urriagatik eta bere kostuak gero eta txikiagoak izateagatik. Honen ondorioz, energia garbi, lehiakor eta ekonomikoki bideragarria da gaur egun. Hala ere, aerosorgailu hauen ekoizpen prozesuak desabantaila nabaria aurkezten du palen ontze prozesuan. Tenperatura igoeraren ondorioz material konkretu baten degradazioa dela eta. Ikerketa lan honetan, aerosorgailu palen karakterizazioa egingo da eta ontze prozesuan, “polikloruro de binilo” (PVC)-ak jasaten duen degradazioaren azterketa.

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Synthesis and characterization of low-cost materials for aqueous Na-ion batteries

136 p.

Energías renovables en edificación: aplicación al abastecimiento de energía eléctrica y climatización

[ES]Este documento tiene el objeto de presentar el uso de las energías renovables en la edificación actual, para ello se analizaran las energías que hay en el mercado, sus beneficios y sus posibles aplicaciones en viviendas, naves industriales, polideportivos, centro comerciales, etc. Para lograr alcanzar todas estas competencias se hará mayor hincapié en el uso de estas nuevas tecnologías en abastecimientos de energía eléctrica y climatización, teniendo en cuenta que no todas las energías renovables son aplicables a la edificación y que no todas las energías tienen las mismas utilidades. El trabajo se lleva a cabo dentro de los trabajos de fin de grado de la escuela técnica superior de ingeniería de Bilbao (ETSIB), más concretamente se refiere al trabajo tipo TFG.3. El trabajo también consta de los apartados descargo de costes y planificación, donde se analiza el desglose de los gastos empleados para la realización de esta memoria y el tiempo elaboración para el mismo. Para concluir es añaden anexos, en los cuales se explican varias de las Normas que se manejan en la actualidad y también se incluyen algunos catálogos de productos comerciales y sus dispositivos para colocar en el edificio.

Influencia del vehículo eléctrico en la red eléctrica, en función del comportamiento social.

[ES]En la actualidad, el modelo de transporte apenas ha avanzado en el intento de frenar el Cambio Climático o en el cuidado del medio ambiente. Además, el gran negocio que existe detrás del petróleo hace que este tipo de transporte sea poco sostenible. Es por eso que se está desarrollando, a nivel nacional e internacional, una solución a dicho problema que es el uso del vehiculó eléctrico (VE). La introducción masiva del VE permitirá el uso extensivo de fuentes de energía no contaminantes e intermitentes, como son las energías renovables. Sin embargo, los VEs están lejos de ser una tecnología probada. Existen aún muchos problemas en torno a él que deben ser resueltos, entre ellos se encuentra el desarrollo de las baterías, su modelo de negocio y coste o la influencia de la conexión del VE sobre la red eléctrica. Este último problema, estará muy influenciado por el comportamiento social del futuro conductor, lo cual es el eje central del proyecto.

Desarrollo de una solución para el acceso integrado a fuentes de información sobre Patrimonio histórico. Análisis de las alternativas e implementación de una solución basada en una aplicación de búsqueda orientada en bases de datos heterogéneas

[ES] Este proyecto surgió en el marco del proyecto de investigación:

Interpretación de información geométrica procedente de diversas fuentes para la reconstrucción virtual del Palacio de los Condestables, Casalarreina (La Rioja)

[ES] Este proyecto se ha realizado a partir de los datos del siguiente proyecto de documentación geométrica, desde donde pueden encontrarse enlaces adicionales a otros documentos relacionados:

La máquina de Marly

Duración (en horas): De 21 a 30 horas. Destinatario: Estudiante y Docente

Energia-teknologia: taulak eta abakoak

Helburuak: Ikasmaterial honen helburu nagusiak honako hauek dira: Beroaren transmisioa irakasteko behar diren taula, abako eta korrelazio batzuk biltzea, ikasleak ikasturtean zehar irakasgaia hobeto jarrai dezan. Horretaz gain energia-teknologiako beste arlo batzuen (errekuntza, aire hezea eta hozte teknologia) taulak eta abakoak biltzea ere. Gai hauekin erlazionaturiko ariketa multzoa ere ageri da testuan emaitzekin. Norentzat: Industria Ingeniaritzako 4. mailako ikasleentzat. Baita Ingeniaritza Kimikoan Beroaren Transmisioa ikasten dabiltzan 2. mailako ikasleentzat, edota Industria Antolakuntzan bigarren zikloko lehenengo mailako ikasleentzat. 2010-11 ikasturtetik aurrera indarrean egongo diren gradu ikasketetan bigarren mailan irakatsiko den Termoteknia izeneko irakasgaian lagungarria ere izango da.

Fuentes de información en internet en el área de economía y empresa

Hoy en día la información sufre una evolución y transformación constantes, y para cualquier análisis o estudio hay que tener muy en cuenta las fuentes de información existentes en internet. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer un recorrido por la red centrando el interés en la selección de fuentes de información económica y empresarial. A la hora de seleccionar las fuentes electrónicas disponibles hay que tener en cuenta la diversa tipología documental existente: publicaciones periódicas, monografías, workingpapers, tesis, informes, actas de congresos, normas, patentes, etc.

Fuentes de información en ética, economía y empresa

El objetivo de este artículo es diseñar una estrategia de búsqueda que nos ayude a localizar información sobre un tema concreto: Ética, economía y empresa. El punto de partida será una estrategia de búsqueda determinada que servirá como excusa para consultar una selección de diversas fuentes de información: catálogo de la biblioteca, bases de datos y revistas electrónicas. Para finalizar el articulo se propone como instrumento para seleccionar resultados el factor de impacto JCR y como medio mara gestionar las referencias bibliográficas el gestor Reference Manager

Síntesis de carbonato de glicerol a partir de glicerol, CO2 y sus derivados

209 p. : il., gráf.

Energia Elektrikoaren Sorkuntza

Helburuak: Sektore elektrikoan gaur egun energia elektrikoa sortzeko erabiltzen diren teknologiei buruzko oinarrizko ezagutza bat lortzea. Norentzat: Energia elektrikoaren sorkuntza ikasgai bezala duten ikasleentzat