The prevalence of diabetes-related complications and multimorbidity in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Basque Country

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a diverse range of pathologies. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of diabetes-related complications, the prevalence of coexistent chronic conditions and to report multimorbidity in people with type 2 diabetes living in the Basque Country. Methods: Administrative databases, in four cross sections (annually from 2007 to 2011) were consulted to analyse 149,015 individual records from patients aged >= 35 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The data observed were: age, sex, diabetes-related complications (annual rates of acute myocardial infarction, major amputations and avoidable hospitalisations), diabetes-related pathologies (prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, renal failure, stroke, heart failure, peripheral neuropathy, foot ulcers and diabetic retinopathy) and other unrelated pathologies (44 diseases). Results: The annual incidence for each condition progressively decreased during the four-year period: acute myocardial infarction (0.47 to 0.40%), major amputations (0.10 to 0.08%), and avoidable hospitalisations (5.85 to 5.5%). The prevalence for diabetes-related chronic pathologies was: ischaemic heart disease (11.5%), renal failure (8.4%), stroke (7.0%), heart failure (4.3%), peripheral neuropathy (1.3%), foot ulcers (2.0%) and diabetic retinopathy (7.2%). The prevalence of multimorbidity was 90.4%. The highest prevalence for other chronic conditions was 73.7% for hypertension, 13.8% for dyspepsia and 12.7% for anxiety. Conclusions: In the type 2 diabetes mellitus population living in the Basque Country, incidence rates of diabetes complications are not as high as in other places. However, they present a high prevalence of diabetes related and unrelated diseases. Multimorbidity is very common in this group, and is a factor to be taken into account to ensure correct clinical management.

Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en una población de niños obesos en el País Vasco, su relación con la resistencia a la insulina, las adipoquinas y grhelina

274 p. : graf.

Association between dietary phylloquinone intake and peripheral metabolic risk markers related to insulin resistance and diabetes in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk

Background: Vitamin K has been related to glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and diabetes. Because inflammation underlies all these metabolic conditions, it is plausible that the potential role of vitamin K in glucose metabolism occurs through the modulation of cytokines and related molecules. The purpose of the study was to assess the associations between dietary intake of vitamin K and peripheral adipokines and other metabolic risk markers related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Cross-sectional and longitudinal assessments of these associations in 510 elderly participants recruited in the PREDIMED centers of Reus and Barcelona (Spain). We determined 1-year changes in dietary phylloquinone intake estimated by food frequency questionnaires, serum inflammatory cytokines and other metabolic risk markers. Results: In the cross-sectional analysis at baseline no significant associations were found between dietary phylloquinone intake and the rest of metabolic risk markers evaluated, with exception of a negative association with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. After 1-year of follow-up, subjects in the upper tertile of changes in dietary phylloquinone intake showed a greater reduction in ghrelin (-15.0%), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (-12.9%), glucagon-like peptide-1 (-17.6%), IL-6 (-27.9%), leptin (-10.3%), TNF (-26.9%) and visfatin (-24.9%) plasma concentrations than those in the lowest tertile (all p<0.05). Conclusion: These results show that dietary phylloquinone intake is associated with an improvement of cytokines and other markers related to insulin resistance and diabetes, thus extending the potential protection by dietary phylloquinone on chronic inflammatory diseases.

EBE: Proceso efectivo para tratar una úlcera grado I del pie diabético

El síndrome del pie diabético constituye una de las principales causas de morbilidad y discapacidad en los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus. Las infecciones y úlceras del pie en estos pacientes son comunes y complejas. Son la principal causa de amputación no traumática. Por ello, un adecuado manejo del tratamiento puede acelerar la curación de las úlceras, evitar la infección, o incluso, una amputación. La evolución de los tratamientos de heridas y úlceras, ha provocado la aparición de un gran número de tratamientos. Cada herida y cada úlcera deben tratarse específicamente utilizando el tratamiento adecuado. Este trabajo consiste en hacer una búsqueda bibliográfica de la evidencia científica, para determinar en un paciente diabético con una úlcera grado I, que proceso es más efectivo para tratarla. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en diversas bases de datos y otros recursos para la obtención de revisiones sistémicas, metaanalisis y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados en lengua castellana. Resultados: Diferentes estudios ponen en controversia el tratamiento específico para tratar la úlcera grado I. Algunos estudios dicen que hay que reposar el miembro, usar muletas, limpiar la herida con suero fisiológico, otros utilizar apósitos de cura húmeda, como los hidrocoloides, espumas poliméricas, mallas, poliuretanos. Otros, simplemente, que no hay evidencia científica de qué apósitos deben usarse en este tipo de úlceras. Conclusión: Existe evidencia de que la cura húmeda es la más efectiva para tratar este tipo de úlcera. Faltan estudios que avalen un máximo nivel de evidencia para un apósito adecuado y específico para la cura húmeda de la úlcera grado I del pie diabético. Palabras clave: pie diabético, tratamiento pie diabético, apósitos cura húmeda.

Plan de cuidados individualizado de paciente con pie diabético

Mediante el desarrollo de este trabajo se pretende dar a conocer la magnitud de un problema como es la Diabetes Mellitus y sus complicaciones, especificando en este caso una de las complicaciones más importante como es el Pie Diabético. Se quiere destacar la importancia de la prevención en el Pie Diabético aportando datos sobre las complicaciones que puedan surgir. Para minimizarlas sería esencial aplicar un protocolo de prevención adecuado, dentro de una unidad multidisciplinar, donde la enfermería adquiere un papel fundamental, garantizando una continuidad de cuidados de la persona afectada. Se plantea un plan de atención de enfermería individualizado de un paciente con pie diabético a través de la taxonomía NANDA-NOC-NIC. El sistema de valoración utilizado es el diseñado por Marjory Gordon en los años 70, ya que cumple todos los requisitos necesarios para la realización de una valoración enfermera eficaz, por lo que constituye una herramienta útil para la valoración con cualquier modelo disciplinar enfermero. Define once patrones de actuación relevantes para la salud. Se trata de comportamientos, más o menos comunes a todas las personas, que contribuyen a su salud, calidad de vida y al logro de su potencial humano.

Inflammatory Markers and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Obese Children: The NANOS Study

Introduction. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) are common coexisting conditions associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state underlying some of the cognitive, metabolic, and cardiovascular morbidities. Aim. To examine the levels of inflammatory markers in obese community-dwelling children with OSA, as compared to no-OSA, and their association with clinical and polysomnographic (PSG) variables. Methods. In this cross-sectional, prospective multicenter study, healthy obese Spanish children (ages 4-15 years) were randomly selected and underwent nocturnal PSG followed by a morning fasting blood draw. Plasma samples were assayed for multiple inflammatory markers. Results. 204 children were enrolled in the study; 75 had OSA, defined by an obstructive respiratory disturbance index (RDI) of 3 events/hour total sleep time (TST). BMI, gender, and age were similar in OSA and no-OSA children. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were significantly higher in OSA children, with interleukin-6 concentrations being higher in moderate-severe OSA (i.e., AHI > 5/hrTST; P < 0.01), while MCP-1 levels were associated with more prolonged nocturnal hypercapnia (P < 0.001). Conclusion. IL-6, MCP-1, and PAI-1 are altered in the context of OSA among community-based obese children further reinforcing the proinflammatory effects of sleep disorders such as OSA. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01322763.