Modelizado molecular de nanocomposites de matriz polimérica reforzados con nanotubos de carbono

135 p.

Design of functional hybrid coatings with anti-biofouling, self-cleaning and anti-reflecting applications

263 p.

Structural relaxation and chain dynamics in polymer melts : a computational investigation on the role of the intramolecular barriers

149 p. : il. col.

Respuesta a la sequía de Pinus radiata D. Don y su implicación en los procesos de tolerancia

160 p. (Bibliogr. 141-160)

Análisis y adecuación de los procesos de electromigración y transporte en células de combustible PEM de hidrógeno

271 p.

Alternativas operacionales en tecnologías de oxidación avanzada para el tratamiento de efluentes de alta carga contaminante

336 p.

Fabricación de una boya marina en biocomposite de fibra y resina naturales

En el presente TFG se ha construido una boya marina con fibras de lino y resina de origen natural. Para ello en el TFG se ha seguido el esquema para un estudio experimental dividido principalmente en tres puntos: Memoria ( Introducción, Estado del arte, Objetivos, Parte experimental, Conclusiones, Futuros estudios), Presupuesto (Fabricación del molde y de la boya) y Anexos (Fichas técnicas y de seguridad de los materiales). La idea de fabricar una boya marina en biocomposites surge de la diversidad de aplicaciones que estas tienen y como visión medioambiental, siendo esta una alternativa al uso de polimeros dependientes del petróleo. Para su construcción primero se ha fabricado un molde con fibra de vidrio, mediante el método de moldeo por contacto a mano, a partir de una boya de polietileno. Y sobre este molde, mediante el método de infusión, se ha fabricado la mitad de la boya marina con biocomposites.

Estudio de catalizadores basados en zeolitas HZSM-5 sometidas a tratamiento in situ con vapor de agua para la transformación de 1-buteno a propileno

El propileno es un monómero muy versátil y es la materia prima para una amplia gama de polímeros, intermedios y productos químicos. Esta versatilidad se debe a su estructura química: al igual que el etileno, el propileno contiene un doble enlace carbono - carbono, pero a diferencia de éste, el propileno contiene también un grupo metil - alílico (un grupo metilo adyacente a un doble enlace), otorgando a los químicos, diseñadores catalíticos e ingenieros dos distintas alternativas para llevar a cabo las trasformaciones químicas, por lo que son más numerosos los derivados del propilen o que del etileno (Plotkin, 2005).

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Spectroscopic analysis of atoms and molecules

151 p.

SOTRAFA, S.A. Plan de Marketing

Esto es un Trabajo de Fin de Grado en el que se realizará un plan de marketing para la empresa SOTRAFA, S.A. Haremos un análisis externo e interno para ver sus amenazas, oportunidades, fortalezas y debilidades y así poder fijar con criterio unos objetivos. Una vez claros los objetivos, redactaremos unas estrategias y los planes de acción a realizar en el plazo de un año. SOTRAFA, S.A es una empresa fabricante de láminas de polietileno, perteneciente al grupo Armando Álvarez, líder transformando film de polietileno en el mercado español, concretamente en la zona de Andalucía. La empresa ofrece productos para el cultivo intensivo, muy extendido en la zona sur de España. Su ventaja competitiva puede basarse en la calidad de sus productos y en estar siempre a la vanguardia de las nuevas tecnologías en lo relativo a su sector. Tras el análisis previamente realizado, hemos sacado las siguientes conclusiones: - Amenazas A1: Aumento de la competencia A2: Volatilidad del precio de la materia prima A3: Costes energéticos para la transformación A4: Plástico y percepción medioambiental: residuos plásticos A5: Riesgo cambio de divisa A6: Formación de cooperativas para aumentar el poder de negociación - Oportunidades O1: Aumento de demanda de productos ecológicos, sin tratamientos químicos O2: Inclemencias meteorológicas por el cambio climático: protección de cultivos frente a la agresividad del viento, granizo y fuerte lluvia. O3: Demanda creciente para incrementar cosechas O4: Restricciones legales sobre pesticidas: los plásticos reducen la dosificación de tratamientos. O5: Aumento de la población, por ende, mayor demanda - Debilidades D1: Debido a su posicionamiento, los precios de los productos son más elevados que los de la competencia, esto en épocas de crisis puede perjudicarnos ya que los clientes pueden renuncia a calidad por ahorro en costes. D2: Poco poder de negociación con los proveedores de materias primas D3: Ausencia de plan de marketing definido D4: Poca presencia en el mundo online - Fortalezas F1: Empresa grande, por lo tanto gran poder de negociación con los clientes F2: Gran calidad de sus productos F3: Líder en el mercado nacional F4: La empresa se financia con recursos propios o con los de su matriz F5: Compromiso con el cliente F6: Manejo eficiente de los recursos hídricos. Una vez analizadas sus fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas, fijaremos los objetivos y las acciones a realizar: 1. Aumentar las ventas Para conseguir que nuestras ventas se vean incrementadas, lanzaremos un nuevo producto al mercado. El plástico destinado a la desinfección del terreno, viene a cubrir una necesidad del mundo agrícola. Hasta ahora, esta labor de limpieza se hacía mediante elementos químicos. La normativa medioambiental ha prohibido su uso, por lo que hay que recurrir a otros métodos. Nuestro plástico ofrece una solución natural, con idéntico resultado al uso de agentes químicos, sin contaminar el terreno. Para su penetración en el mercado realizaremos rappels sobre ventas para distribuidores y cooperativas, así como demostraciones de su uso para nuestros clientes. 2. Mantener la posición de liderazgo La experiencia de campo acumulada, hace que nuestro fabricados tengas unos altos estándares de calidad. Esto, unido a las constantes inversiones en tecnología, nos permite extender la garantía sobre nuestros productos, lo cual nos otorga una ventaja competitiva. Para poder mantener esto, estableceremos controles de calidad más estrictos. También ofreceremos a nuestros clientes la posibilidad de personalizar el embalaje de nuestros productos a su gusto, para así diferenciarnos de la competencia y ofrecer otro tipo de soluciones a nuestros clientes. 3. Mayor notoriedad online El sector tiene un déficit en lo que al uso de nuevas tecnologías se refiere. Ser los primeros en avanzar en este terreno, nos permitirá tomar distancia sobre nuestros competidores a la vez que fortalecerá la imagen de empresa avanzada y en constante evolución. Para conseguir este objetivo, crearemos perfiles en redes sociales y publicaremos anuncios en páginas webs relacionadas con el sector. 4. Fidelización del cliente a través del producto y el servicio El cliente es la parte fundamental de la empresa. Cuesta mucho esfuerzo el introducirse en nuevos clientes, y mucho menos el perder uno que ya tenemos. Por tanto, el que los que ya tenemos en cartera estén satisfechos, nos ayudará a tener una base sólida sobre la que acometer nuevos proyectos. Para fidelizar a nuestros clientes, crearemos jornadas de puertas abiertas, para estrechar la relación y mantenernos más cercanos a ellos. También mejoraremos el tiempo de entrega de nuestros pedidos, anticipándonos a las compras de nuestros clientes. 5. Potenciar el e-commercer como una nueva vía de distribución Si bien en este mercado la relación personal es todavía muy importante, no cabe duda que en un futuro, una parte de las transacciones comerciales se harán por esta vía. El uso de este canal no viene a sustituir a los anteriores sino a complementarlos. 6. Establecer relaciones comerciales con un distribuidor norteamericano, para que comercialice nuestros productos y en un futuro cercano, introducirnos en ese mercado. Para que nuestra empresa siga creciendo y desarrollándose necesitamos buscar nuevos mercados. Para ello, estudiaremos que empresas americanas están introducidas en el mundo agrícola con el fin de tratar de llegar a algún tipo de acuerdo comercial para que distribuyan nuestros productos. El jefe de producto acudirá a las principales ferias de productos agrícolas y para el campo que se celebren en Estados Unidos. En ellas deberá llegar a algún acuerdo comercial con algún distribuidor americano, para que este comercialice nuestros productos en ese mercado.

Inplante erabilerako polimero erradio-opakoen lorpena eta ezaugarritzea

[EU]Biomedikuntzan gero eta material polimeriko gehiago aplikatzen dira. Metalezko inplanteekin alderatuz, ekoizterako orduan azkarragoak eta merkeagoak baitira beste hainbat ezaugarriren artean. Baina onurak ekartzearekin batera, erradio-opakotasun eza ere badakar. Eta ezaugarri hau gabe, inplantearen jarraipena behin giza gorputzean ezarrita dagoenean ezinezkoa da, X izpiekin ezin baita ikusi. Beraz, arazo horri aurre egiteko, proiektu honetan matrize polimerikoari kargak gehitzea proposatzen da. Lortutako material konposatuak, polimeroak soilik dituen ezaugarriak berdintzea edo hobetzea espero da. Hau da, erradio-opakotasuna lortzeaz gain, propietate mekanikoak behintzat mantentzea espero da. Giza gorputzean aplikatzen diren inplanteetarako erabiliko den material konposatu bat lortzea duenez helburu proiektu honek, matrizea polimero biobataragarria eta biodegradagarria izango da. Biodegradagarria izanik, inplantea kanporatzeko bigarren ebakuntza bat ekiditen da. Zehazki, poli(D-laktida) (PDLA) polimeroa matrize moduan eta karga moduan bismuto oxidoa (Bi2O3) erabiliko dira, medikuntza arloko inplanteetan erabili izan ohi dira eta.