Running Pace Decrease during a Marathon Is Positively Related to Blood Markers of Muscle Damage

Background: Completing a marathon is one of the most challenging sports activities, yet the source of running fatigue during this event is not completely understood. The aim of this investigation was to determine the cause(s) of running fatigue during a marathon in warm weather. Methodology/Principal Findings: We recruited 40 amateur runners (34 men and 6 women) for the study. Before the race, body core temperature, body mass, leg muscle power output during a countermovement jump, and blood samples were obtained. During the marathon (27 uC; 27% relative humidity) running fatigue was measured as the pace reduction from the first 5-km to the end of the race. Within 3 min after the marathon, the same pre-exercise variables were obtained. Results: Marathoners reduced their running pace from 3.5 6 0.4 m/s after 5-km to 2.9 6 0.6 m/s at the end of the race (P,0.05), although the running fatigue experienced by the marathoners was uneven. Marathoners with greater running fatigue (. 15% pace reduction) had elevated post-race myoglobin (1318 6 1411 v 623 6 391 mg L21; P,0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (687 6 151 v 583 6 117 U L21; P,0.05), and creatine kinase (564 6 469 v 363 6 158 U L21; P = 0.07) in comparison with marathoners that preserved their running pace reasonably well throughout the race. However, they did not differ in their body mass change (23.1 6 1.0 v 23.0 6 1.0%; P = 0.60) or post-race body temperature (38.7 6 0.7 v 38.9 6 0.9 uC; P = 0.35). Conclusions/Significance: Running pace decline during a marathon was positively related with muscle breakdown blood markers. To elucidate if muscle damage during a marathon is related to mechanistic or metabolic factors requires further investigation.

Una nueva aproximación a la síntesis de heterociclos pirrolofusionados basada en la reacción de amidación de alquinos asistida por el reactivo de yodo hipervalente PIFA

458 p.

Influence of Training Set Selection in Artificial Neural Network-Based Propagation Path Loss Predictions

This paper analyzes the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for predicting the received power/path loss in both outdoor and indoor links. The approach followed has been a combined use of ANNs and ray-tracing, the latter allowing the identification and parameterization of the so-called dominant path. A complete description of the process for creating and training an ANN-based model is presented with special emphasis on the training process. More specifically, we will be discussing various techniques to arrive at valid predictions focusing on an optimum selection of the training set. A quantitative analysis based on results from two narrowband measurement campaigns, one outdoors and the other indoors, is also presented.

Dialog Systems based on Markov decision processes over two real tasks

In this work the state of the art of the automatic dialogue strategy management using Markov decision processes (MDP) with reinforcement learning (RL) is described. Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDP) are also described. To test the validity of these methods, two spoken dialogue systems have been developed. The first one is a spoken dialogue system for weather forecast providing, and the second one is a more complex system for train information. With the first system, comparisons between a rule-based system and an automatically trained system have been done, using a real corpus to train the automatic strategy. In the second system, the scalability of these methods when used in larger systems has been tested.

Nuevas fórmulas publicitarias: los advergames como herramienta de las comunicaciones de marketing

Los advergames son videojuegos orientados a la comunicación publicitaria. Su naturaleza de mensaje híbrido, al combinar contenido publicitario y contenido de entretenimiento, aporta interesantes posibilidades al desarrollo de comunicaciones de marketing en un entorno mediático en el que la publicidad tradicional ha ido perdiendo eficacia. El presente artículo delimita el concepto de advergame, analizando las diferentes tipologías existentes y sus efectos sobre diversos objetivos de marketing y de comunicación. Asimismo, se apuntan algunas recomendaciones a la hora de desarrollar comunicaciones de marketing mediante advergames, así como las cuestiones éticas y morales que deben considerarse

La importancia de la participación en el trabajo como determinante de la competitividad empresarial

Hoy por hoy, todos los expertos coinciden en señalar que el logro de una mayor competitividad es el principal reto que tiene ante sí la empresa española. Esto significa que la empresa necesita una mayor capacidad para lograr un producto en condiciones de calidad, precio, diseño, prestaciones, servicios, etc. suficientemente buenas y generando con ello un coste que le permita ser rentable. Esta definición, aportada por Alvarez y Ruesga, acierta al identificar los dos componentes de la competitividad, al igual que aciertan otros autores, entre los que podemos citar a García Echevarría. Para éste último la competitividad implica una buena utilización de los potenciales de cada empresa, logrando al mismo tiempo las prestaciones que en ese momento precisa el mercado.

El debate actual sobre la reforma del sistema público de pensiones: comentarios sobre las tesis privatizadoras

En un sistema de reparto las pensiones del periodo se financian con las cotizaciones del mismo período, de tal forma que las pensiones de los cotizantes de hoy se pagarán con las aportaciones de los futuros trabajadores. La transición por lo tanto, supone que quienes hoy estamos cotizando deberíamos seguir cotizando y al mismo tiempo, formar nuestro ahorro para el futuro. Otra posibilidad sería aumentar el déficit público. En definitiva, un coste que alguién debe asumir.

Las actuales transformaciones productivas y su incidencia sobre las condiciones de trabajo y empleo

En todas las sociedades, a lo largo de la historia, ha sido necesaria la producción y, por tanto, ha habido necesidad de desarrolar trabajo. Sin embargo, la forma en que éste ha sido articulado ha variado considerablemente a lo largo del tiempo.

Phosphorus substituted hydroxylamine and hydroxamic acid derivatives: synthesis and reactivity

Dedicated to Prof. Julio Alvarez-Builla on the occasion of his 65th anniversary.

Generating cluster submodels from a multistage stochastic mixed integer optimization model using break stage

We present a scheme to generate clusters submodels with stage ordering from a (symmetric or a nonsymmetric one) multistage stochastic mixed integer optimization model using break stage. We consider a stochastic model in compact representation and MPS format with a known scenario tree. The cluster submodels are built by storing first the 0-1 the variables, stage by stage, and then the continuous ones, also stage by stage. A C++ experimental code has been implemented for reordering the stochastic model as well as the cluster decomposition after the relaxation of the non-anticipativiy constraints until the so-called breakstage. The computational experience shows better performance of the stage ordering in terms of elapsed time in a randomly generated testbed of multistage stochastic mixed integer problems.

Tratamiento de las variedades intralingüisticas en las traducciones al castellano y al gallego de The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Santamaría, José Miguel; Pajares, Eterio; Olsen, Vickie; Merino, Raquel; Eguíluz, Federico (eds.)

"Tristana" adaptada y doblada al italiano

Santamaría, José Miguel; Pajares, Eterio; Olsen, Vickie; Merino, Raquel; Eguíluz, Federico (eds.)

El traductor como (auto)censor: la traducción dramática en la España franquista

Eterio Pajares, Raquel Merino y José Miguel Santamaría (eds.)

Inventario de las traducciones censuradas de teatro norteamericano en la España de Franco (1939-1963)

Raquel Merino Álvarez, José Miguel Santamaría, Eterio Pajares (eds.)

USP1 deubiquitinase: cellular functions, regulatory mechanisms and emerging potential as target in cancer therapy

12 p.