86 resultados para Generación del 40
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Se presenta un análisis económico-financiero de las empresas del sector de los hoteles establecidas en País Vasco y su comparación con las empresas canarias. Analizamos su situación actual y la evolución de su estructura económico-financiera.
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En este trabajo se identifican los compuestos característicos de la atmósfera de Bilbao, se presentan las concentraciones obtenidas experimentalmente y en función a estas y los gradientes observados se identifican posibles focos de emisión.
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Nos encontramos ante una realidad compleja y fascinante por sus múltiples implicaciones: la expansión de la videovigilancia, con sus constantes innovaciones tecnológicas, en relación con la seguridad ciudadana. No se puede reducir a un debate político y técnico entre “videoescépticos” y “videoentusiastas”, sino que una reflexión más serena permite considerar numerosas aristas que abarcan disciplinas y áreas del conocimiento muy diversas (ingeniería de las comunicaciones; seguridad; derechos fundamentales; estudios sobre la prevención...), así como aspectos públicos (la seguridad) y la provisión de recursos y su gestión por parte de empresas.
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La evolución geodinámica de zonas poliorogénicas es tanto más difícil cuanto más fragmentarios son los datos cartográficos que impiden correlacionar segmentos diferentes. Un buen ejemplo de ello son los numerosos modelos evolutivos y reconstrucciones paleogeográficas propuestos para la cadena hercínica. En el Macizo Ibérico la correlación entre áreas se ha intentado resolver con subdivisiones en zonas similares a las propuestas para otros macizos variscos. En las zonas más complejas se optó por una subdivisión en “Dominios”, a los que se llegó a equiparar con “terrenos” independientes, con evoluciones geodinámicas poco o nada relacionables. Un buen ejemplo de ello son las diversas propuestas de subdivisión de la Zona de Ossa-Morena, reflejo de las deficiencias cartográficas y de la dificultad de correlacionar cartografías anejas, delineándose mapas de difícil interpretación y leyendas muy complicadas con centenares de términos. Durante los últimos 10 años un equipo de la Universidad de Extremadura y la Universidad del País Vasco ha revisado sistemáticamente la cartografía geológica de Extremadura, obteniéndose un mapa continuo con una leyenda única, en la que todos los materiales están debidamente diferenciados, correlacionados y muchos de ellos datados. Este trabajo ha supuesto la culminación de más de 35 años dedicados de forma ininterrumpida a la investigación y cartografía geológica del Macizo Ibérico meridional. Ello ha permitido proponer una subdivisión mucho más sencilla y poner de manifiesto la falta de significado de la subdivisiones en Dominios y Unidades existentes en distintos trabajos.
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xxiv, 252 p.
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El Trastorno Depresivo Mayor es una de las enfermedades psiquiátricas mas prevalentes en todo el mundo hoy en día. El tratamiento por excelencia son los antidepresivos, eficaces pero con una variedad de efectos secundarios que en numerosas ocasiones son los culpables de que los pacientes abandonen el tratamiento. En su lugar, muchos optan por otro tipo de terapias que se escapan de la medicina convencional: los remedios naturales. Mediante una revisión narrativa, se realiza una revisión bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos. Se logran extraer diferentes estudios que aportan información sobre los efectos secundarios de los antidepresivos, los motivos por los cuales los pacientes deciden utilizar terapias naturales, y la efectividad de las mismas en la sintomatología de esta enfermedad. Se recopilan los resultados descartando los estudios que no son de utilidad, y agrupando y organizando aquellos que si resultan necesarios. Finalmente se ha concluido que en los próximos años el Trastorno Depresivo Mayor será una de las enfermedades más prevalentes, que los efectos secundarios son la principal causa del abandono del tratamiento antidepresivo y cual es la eficacia real de los remedios naturales.
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En la última década Mindfulness ha despertado gran interés como tratamiento terapéutico en la salud psicológica. Está inmerso en lo que ya se denominan Terapias de Tercera Generación, donde la aceptación es el concepto en cuál se centra. Existen varios programas en los que se aplica esta terapia y se han realizado estudios para numerosas aplicaciones clínicas, dando evidencia científica al respecto. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es la de conocer la eficacia de la aplicación de la terapia Mindfulness para reducir los síntomas de ansiedad en personas adultas de Atención Primaria. Para ello, se revisan los fundamentos teóricos y mecanismos de acción de Mindfulness, y de qué manera actúa en los trastornos de ansiedad. Dentro de este marco, se expone en la discusión la aplicación de la terapia en Atención primaria y la posibilidad de ser una herramienta para el profesional de Enfermería. Finalmente, se concluye que Mindfulness tiene un efecto moderado para reducir los niveles de ansiedad, aunque sin gran diferencia respecto a las Terapias Cognitivo Conductuales utilizadas hasta el momento. Se observa una necesidad de mayor evidencia científica que respalde la idoneidad de la aplicación de Mindfulness en personas adultas de Atención Primaria para reducir los niveles de ansiedad. Y siendo esta terapia una herramienta idónea para ofrecer por parte del personal de Enfermería, existen pocos estudios en los que Enfermer@s sean los que aplican Mindfulness
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[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.
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Gordon E. Moore, co-fundador de Intel, predijo en una publicación del año 1965 que aproximadamente cada dos años se duplicaría el número de transistores presentes en un circuito integrado, debido a las cada vez mejores tecnologías presentes en el proceso de elaboración. A esta ley se la conoce como Ley de Moore y su cumplimiento se ha podido constatar hasta hoy en día. Gracias a ello, con el paso del tiempo cada vez se presentan en el mercado circuitos integrados más potentes, con mayores prestaciones para realizar tareas cada vez más complejas. Un tipo de circuitos integrados que han podido evolucionar de forma importante por dicho motivo, son los dispositivos de lógica programable, circuitos integrados que permiten implementar sobre ellos las funciones lógicas que desee implementar el usuario. Hasta hace no muchos años, dichos dispositivos eran capaces de implementar circuitos compuestos por unas pocas funciones lógicas, pero gracias al proceso de miniaturización predicho por la Ley de Moore, hoy en día son capaces de implementar circuitos tan complejos como puede ser un microprocesador; dichos dispositivos reciben el nombre de FPGA, siglas de Field Programmable Gate Array. Debido a la mayor capacidad y por lo tanto a diseños más complejos implementados sobre las FPGA, en los últimos años han aparecido herramientas cuyo objetivo es hacer más fácil el proceso de ingeniería dentro de un desarrollo en este tipo de dispositivos, como es la herramienta HDL Coder de la compañía MathWorks, creadores también Matlab y Simulink, unas potentes herramientas usadas ampliamente en diferentes ramas de la ingeniería. El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo evaluar el uso de dicha herramienta para el procesado digital de señales, usando para ello una FPGA Cyclone II de la casa Altera. Para ello, se empezará analizando la herramienta escogida comparándola con herramientas de la misma índole, para a continuación seleccionar una aplicación de procesado digital de señal a implementar. Tras diseñar e implementar la aplicación escogida, se deberá simular en PC para finalmente integrarla en la placa de evaluación seleccionada y comprobar su correcto funcionamiento. Tras analizar los resultados de la aplicación de implementada, concretamente un analizador de la frecuencia fundamental de una señal de audio, se ha comprobado que la herramienta HDL Coder, es adecuada para este tipo de desarrollos, facilitando enormemente los procesos tanto de implementación como de validación gracias al mayor nivel de abstracción que aporta.
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[EN]Due to the limitations associated with fossil fuels it is necessary to promote energy sources that are renewable as well as eco-friendly, such as biogas generated in anaerobic digesters. The biogas, composed principally of methane and CO2, is the result of the biodegradation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions. Its use as fuel is limited by the presence of minority compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S); therefore, its pre-treatment is necessary. Currently there are various technologies for the removal of H2S from a gas stream, but most of them are based on physic-chemical treatments which have a number of drawbacks as reactive consumption, generation of secondary flows, etc. Biofiltration has been used as an efficient and low cost alternative to conventional purification processes, and excellent results for the degradation of H2S have been obtained. However process can be limited due to the progressive ageing of the support material, along with the loss of nutrients and other specific characteristics necessary for the good development of biomass. The purpose of this project is to develop a mixed support consisting of a mixture of an organic material and an inorganic support for its application in the removal of the H2S from biogas. This support material helps to optimize the characteristics of the bed and extend its lifespan. The development of such material will contribute to the implementation of biofiltration for treating biogas from anaerobic digesters for its use as biofuel. The inorganic material used is electric arc furnace (EAF) black slag, a by-product generated in large quantities in the production of steel in the Basque Country. Although traditionally the slag has been used in civil engineering, its physicochemical characteristics make it suitable for reuse as a filter medium in biofiltration. The main conclusion drawn from the experimental results is that EAF black slag is a suitable co-packing material in organic biofilters treating H2S-polluted gaseous streams. High pollutant removal rates have been achieved during the whole experimental period. The removal capacity recorded in biofilters with less inorganic material was higher than in those with higher slag portion. Nevertheless, all the biofilters have shown a satisfactory response even at high inlet loads (48 g·m-3·h-1), where the RE has not decreased over 82%.
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[ES]En el siguiente trabajo se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica en la que se muestran los resultados obtenidos al llevar a cabo la purificación del biogás y/o la eliminación del metano, en los casos en los que su valorización no sea posible, mediante métodos biológicos (biofiltración). Se recogen asimismo las diversas fuentes desde las que se genera el biogás (generación incontrolada o producción controlada) junto con las concentraciones típicas de todos los compuestos que pueden formar su composición. En la purificación del biogás se ha estudiado la eliminación de compuestos perjudiciales para el aprovechamiento energético del biogás, como son el sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S), los mercaptanos y los siloxanos. Para el estudio de los compuestos a eliminar se ha diferenciado entre distintas configuraciones de biorreactores (biofiltros, biofiltros percoladores y biolavadores) y para cada una de ellas se han recogido datos representativos como la temperatura óptima de operación, las diferencias entre operar a pH ácido o básico (teniendo en cuenta que el pH natural de operación es ácido pero que en estas condiciones la solubilidad del H2S es menor y el relleno se deteriora con mayor rapidez). También se ha analizado la influencia de la cantidad de oxígeno necesario para garantizar la degradación total de los contaminantes y evitar la acumulación de depósitos de azufre, llegando incluso a necesitarse proporciones de O2/H2S de 49.2 para la oxidación completa del H2S. Se ha estudiado también la cantidad necesaria de nitrógeno (nutriente) en los procesos llevados a cabo en condiciones anaerobias (cercana a 200 mgN-NO3 -/L), así como el efecto que tienen los compuestos producidos en la oxidación parcial (azufre elemental (S0), metanol, formaldehido, etc.) en el funcionamiento del sistema.
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[ES]La empresa de ingeniería SENER Ingeniería y sistemas S.A. tiene una larga experiencia en el desarrollo, diseño y construcción de plantas de cogeneración. La aplicación del análisis exergético a las plantas permite optimizar la eficiencia y reducir los costes. Este método basado en la exergía analiza si los recursos se utilizan de forma eficiente y proporciona las herramientas necesarias para mejorar su utilización. Este trabajo realiza dicho análisis exergético para posteriormente analizar los resultados y proponer mejoras para aumentar la eficiencia de la planta.
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La estrategia es un factor clave en el futuro de las empresas, una compañía que no tiene una estrategia definida, difícilmente podrá saber a donde se dirige. En este trabajo se quiere plantear un análisis comparativo de las distintas estrategias competitivas que siguen las empresas Wonderbox, Smartbox y La Vida es Bella. Situadas en el segmento del emoturismo, el turismo basado en la experiencia y las emociones. Como fundamentación teórica se realiza una investigación de las estrategias competitivas desde el punto de vista de los autores Miles y Snow, Porter, Miller, Mintzber y Kotler. Como resultado de sus estudios, se van a formular unas proposiciones teóricas, que se van a cumplir en empresas emoturistas. Por último, se realiza un estudio empírico en el que se analiza el sector turístico. La diversidad en los gustos del mercado turístico así como los continuos avances culturales de la sociedad, hacen necesario mantener una constante actitud de investigación hacia nuevos productos y servicios en este sector. El resultado de este estudio ha dado lugar al emoturismo, una nueva tendencia que se encuentra en una etapa embrionaria dentro del ciclo de vida del producto turístico.
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[ES] Viablidad de un proyecto económico, restaurante inteligente HENAO 40 2.0