Productos bancarios de inversión y financiación

El sistema financiero de un país depende del comportamiento de sus integrantes. Es decir, para que alguien obtenga financiación, debe existir otra persona que ofrezca sus ahorros a cambio de rentabilidad. Normativas e instituciones, nacionales e internacionales, controlan el correcto funcionamiento de los mercados en los que se producen los flujos de capital originados por los productos bancarios. El siguiente trabajo describe, de forma analítica y comparativa, los diferentes productos bancarios de ahorro y financiación disponibles en nuestro actual sistema financiero. Existen diversas opciones de satisfacer nuestras necesidades económicas. Dependiendo del momento y circunstancias concretas, elegiremos unos productos financieros u otros como la mejor opción. No obstante, son muchos los aspectos que debe tener en cuenta el cliente antes de decidirse a contratar un producto financiero. Además, dado que cada cliente tenemos unas características económicas y personales diferentes, las entidades financieras que tramitan estos productos nos orientarán para encontrar el más adecuado para nosotros.

Veintisiete años después del «Auriñaciense y Perigordiense en el País Vasco». Nuevas investigaciones de campo acerca del Paleolítico superior Inicial en el País Vasco

[ES] Veintisiete años después de la publicación de la primera síntesis sobre el Paleolítico superior inicial en el País Vasco, nos proponemos actualizar esta temática de acuerdo a los avances desarrollados en la investigación de campo a lo largo de estos años. Valoramos como un hito el citado artículo debido a diferentes motivos, que se exponen con cierto detalle en el texto. Debido a diferentes circunstancias (que intentaremos exponer), se detecta un desfase creciente entre actividad de campo y publicación de resultados, que de no corregirse puede dar lugar a excavaciones inéditas y, por tanto, no productivas.

Lurraldeak eta Mugaldeak. Esperientzia dokumental garaikideak

166 p. : il. col.

La regulación del aborto en España: 1985-2015

El presente TFG tiene como objeto de estudio la regulación del aborto que ha existido en España desde que entró en vigor la Constitución Española el 29 de diciembre de 1978. Todo ello con el fin de demostrar que el Anteproyecto de Ley Orgánica para la protección del concebido y de los derechos de la mujer embarazada que había elaborado el actual Gobierno del Partido Popular iba en contra de la tendencia que se sigue hoy en día en la regulación de esta cuestión. En efecto, el citado Anteproyecto no sólo era más retrógrado en comparación con la regulación existente en los estados europeos de nuestro entorno, sino también, y esto es lo más llamativo por tratarse de tres estados islámicos de corte conservador, con la regulación vigente en Túnez, Turquia y Marruecos. Finalmente, remarcamos la noción de libertad como pilar fundamental de toda esta compleja cuestión, la cual nos lleva a mostrarnos partidarios del derecho a la maternidad libremente decidida.

Effectiveness of a Multi-Component Smoking Cessation Support Programme (McSCSP) for Patients with Severe Mental Disorders: Study Design

Only a few studies have examined the efficacy and safety of smoking cessation programmes in patients with mental disorders. The aim of this paper is to describe in detail the methodology used in the study as well as the Multi-component Smoking Cessation Support Programme in terms of pharmacological treatments and psychological interventions. An open-label 9-month follow-up study was conducted in Spain. A total of 82 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder were enrolled. Treatment consisted of a programme specifically developed by the research team for individuals with severe mental disorders. The programme consisted of two phases: (1) weekly individual motivational therapy for 4-12 weeks, and (2) a 12-week active treatment phase. During this phase, at each study visit patients received a one- or two-week supply of medication (transdermal nicotine patches, varenicline or bupropion) with instructions on how to take it, in addition to group psychotherapy for smoking cessation. Evaluations were performed: (1) at the time of enrolment in the study, (2) during the 12-week active treatment phase of the study (weekly for the first 4 weeks and then biweekly), and (3) after the end of this phase (two follow-up assessments at weeks 12 and 24). Evaluations included: (1) smoking history, (2) substance use, (3) psychopathology, (4) adverse events, and (5) laboratory tests. The importance of this study lies in addressing a topical issue often ignored by psychiatrists: the unacceptably high rates of tobacco use in patients with severe mental disorders.

Novel Papillomaviruses in Free-Ranging Iberian Bats: No Virus-Host Co-evolution, No Strict Host Specificity, and Hints for Recombination

Papillomaviruses (PVs) are widespread pathogens. However, the extent of PV infections in bats remains largely unknown. This work represents the first comprehensive study of PVs in Iberian bats. We identified four novel PVs in the mucosa of free-ranging Eptesicus serotinus (EserPV1, EserPV2, and EserPV3) and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (RferPV1) individuals and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships within the viral family. We further assessed their prevalence in different populations of E. serotinus and its close relative E. isabellinus. Although it is frequent to read that PVs co-evolve with their host, that PVs are highly species-specific, and that PVs do not usually recombine, our results suggest otherwise. First, strict virus-host co-evolution is rejected by the existence of five, distantly related bat PV lineages and by the lack of congruence between bats and bat PVs phylogenies. Second, the ability of EserPV2 and EserPV3 to infect two different bat species (E. serotinus and E. isabellinus) argues against strict host specificity. Finally, the description of a second noncoding region in the RferPV1 genome reinforces the view of an increased susceptibility to recombination in the E2-L2 genomic region. These findings prompt the question of whether the prevailing paradigms regarding PVs evolution should be reconsidered.

Efficacy of a cognitive and behavioural psychotherapy applied by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder: a research protocol

Background: In contrast with the recommendations of clinical practice guidelines, the most common treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care is pharmacological. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention, delivered by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder compared to usual care. Methods/Design: This is an open-label, multicentre, randomized, and controlled study with two parallel groups. A random sample of 246 patients will be recruited with mild-to-moderate mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, from the target population on the lists of 41 primary care doctors. Patients will be randomly assigned to the intervention group, who will receive standardised cognitive-behavioural therapy delivered by psychologists together with usual care, or to a control group, who will receive usual care alone. The cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention is composed of eight individual 60-minute face-to face sessions conducted in eight consecutive weeks. A follow-up session will be conducted over the telephone, for reinforcement or referral as appropriate, 6 months after the intervention, as required. The primary outcome variable will be the change in scores on the Short Form-36 General Health Survey. We will also measure the change in the frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory) at baseline, and 3, 6 and 12 months later. Additionally, we will collect information on the use of drugs and health care services. Discussion: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a primary care-based cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. The international scientific evidence has demonstrated the need for psychologists in primary care. However, given the differences between health policies and health services, it is important to test the effect of these psychological interventions in our geographical setting.

Can environmental constraints determine random patterns of plant species co-occurrence?

Plant community ecologists use the null model approach to infer assembly processes from observed patterns of species co-occurrence. In about a third of published studies, the null hypothesis of random assembly cannot be rejected. When this occurs, plant ecologists interpret that the observed random pattern is not environmentally constrained - but probably generated by stochastic processes. The null model approach (using the C-score and the discrepancy index) was used to test for random assembly under two simulation algorithms. Logistic regression, distance-based redundancy analysis, and constrained ordination were used to test for environmental determinism (species segregation along environmental gradients or turnover and species aggregation). This article introduces an environmentally determined community of alpine hydrophytes that presents itself as randomly assembled. The pathway through which the random pattern arises in this community is suggested to be as follows: Two simultaneous environmental processes, one leading to species aggregation and the other leading to species segregation, concurrently generate the observed pattern, which results to be neither aggregated nor segregated - but random. A simulation study supports this suggestion. Although apparently simple, the null model approach seems to assume that a single ecological factor prevails or that if several factors decisively influence the community, then they all exert their influence in the same direction, generating either aggregation or segregation. As these assumptions are unlikely to hold in most cases and assembly processes cannot be inferred from random patterns, we would like to propose plant ecologists to investigate specifically the ecological processes responsible for observed random patterns, instead of trying to infer processes from patterns