Lanaren gizarte historiaren esku-liburua

Betidanik egin du lan gizadiak. Gizakiaren bizimoduaren oinarrizko elementua izan da lana. Lanean oinarriturik antolatu dira komunitateak, eta hauen ezaugarria izan da lanbideak bereiztea. Lana dela bide izadiarekin "mintzatu" da gizakia, harekin harremanetan jarri da, hura eraldatu eta bere mendera jarri du. Lana dela bide taxutu dira gizonak eta emakumeak, etengabe berritu dute beren buruaz zuten iritzia eta harremanetan jarri dira elkarrekin. Hori horrela izan da betidanik, baina XVIII, mendea arte gizadiak ez zuen aintzat hartu lana bere gizarte antolabidearen gitzarri zelako ideia. Dudarik gabe, horregatik, lana izan da harrezkero giza zientzien -hasi soziologiatik eta, ekonomiatik eta politikatik pasa ondoren, historiaraino-arretagunea erakarri duen gai kutuna.

Los linajes de Bizkaia en la Baja Edad Media: poder, parentesco y conflicto

Este libro se ocupa del principal protagonista de la historia medieval de Bizkaia: el hidalgo. Como en el resto de Europa Occidental, la nobleza del Señorío, organizada social y políticamente en linajes, acapara las fuentes de renta y traza sus estrategias sobre la alianza y la violencia. Sin embargo, en Bizkaia, la violencia feudal alcanzará cotas extremas en lo que se conoce como "luchas de bandos". La competencia entre los hidalgos se fundamenta en un argumento tan sólido como simple: el "más valer". "Más valer" en rentas y atreguados, "más valer" en descendencia bastarda o legítima, "más valer" que mueve a matar al vecino como forma extrema de sometimiento. En este contexto el linaje destaca como una referencia existencial paralela a tan extrema ideología de la competencia. En él se desarrolla la vida, se revelan los signos del poder y se conforma la imagen propia sobre la de los antepasados. Al filo del 1500, esta manifestación local de la honra tendrá tal éxito que contagiará al resto de los vizcaínos de la época forzando la implantación de la "hidalguía universal"

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Juan Antonio de Zamacola: vida, obra y concepción esteticomusical

Tesis doctoral originalmente defendida en la Universidad de Deusto el 29-09-2000

Agua, poder y sociedad en el mundo urbano alavés bajomedieval y moderno

561 p.

Reutilización de escoria negra de acería como soporte en biofiltros para la eliminación de H2S del biogás.

[EN]Due to the limitations associated with fossil fuels it is necessary to promote energy sources that are renewable as well as eco-friendly, such as biogas generated in anaerobic digesters. The biogas, composed principally of methane and CO2, is the result of the biodegradation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions. Its use as fuel is limited by the presence of minority compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S); therefore, its pre-treatment is necessary. Currently there are various technologies for the removal of H2S from a gas stream, but most of them are based on physic-chemical treatments which have a number of drawbacks as reactive consumption, generation of secondary flows, etc. Biofiltration has been used as an efficient and low cost alternative to conventional purification processes, and excellent results for the degradation of H2S have been obtained. However process can be limited due to the progressive ageing of the support material, along with the loss of nutrients and other specific characteristics necessary for the good development of biomass. The purpose of this project is to develop a mixed support consisting of a mixture of an organic material and an inorganic support for its application in the removal of the H2S from biogas. This support material helps to optimize the characteristics of the bed and extend its lifespan. The development of such material will contribute to the implementation of biofiltration for treating biogas from anaerobic digesters for its use as biofuel. The inorganic material used is electric arc furnace (EAF) black slag, a by-product generated in large quantities in the production of steel in the Basque Country. Although traditionally the slag has been used in civil engineering, its physicochemical characteristics make it suitable for reuse as a filter medium in biofiltration. The main conclusion drawn from the experimental results is that EAF black slag is a suitable co-packing material in organic biofilters treating H2S-polluted gaseous streams. High pollutant removal rates have been achieved during the whole experimental period. The removal capacity recorded in biofilters with less inorganic material was higher than in those with higher slag portion. Nevertheless, all the biofilters have shown a satisfactory response even at high inlet loads (48 g·m-3·h-1), where the RE has not decreased over 82%.

La Forma Social de la Protesta en Euskal Herria 1980-2013

¿Cómo y por qué han evolucionado las formas de protesta colectiva en Euskal Herria entre 1980 y 2013? Para responder a esta cuestión, desarrollo el concepto de “Forma Social de la Protesta”. Éste aúna por un lado los métodos específicos de reivindicación -los Repertorios de Acción Colectiva-; y por el otro los conflictos estructurales que les dan pie –los ejes o cleavages profundos de confrontación-. A través de la técnica del Protest Event Analysis basada en fuentes periodísticas, en primer lugar describo la evolución de la Forma Social de la Protesta (métodos de reivindicación y tipos de conflicto estructural) durante las tres últimas décadas para el caso vasco. De modo sintético, se aprecia cómo mientras los conflictos estructurales siguen mostrando una naturaleza fuertemente material, los métodos de reivindicación tienden a ser cada vez más simbólicos, visuales y autoexpresivos. Para entender esta evolución, propongo explicaciones desde tres ángulos diferentes. En primer lugar, desde una perspectiva cultural destaco los aspectos de creatividad colectiva que moldean la Forma Social de la Protesta, incidiendo en el impacto de las TIC y en la preponderancia que la esfera de lo comunicativo supone sobre las coordenadas del conflicto contemporáneo. En segundo lugar, desde una óptica más política me centro en el papel del Estado y las autoridades, cuyos esfuerzos se dirigen a restringir fundamentalmente protestas confrontativas de corte material que les supongan una amenaza. En tercer lugar, la actual configuración del capitalismo tardío supone una aceleración del tiempo social y una estetización de las prácticas sociales (una imposición de la forma sobre el contenido) que impacta sobre las resistencias y por tanto sobre la Forma Social de la Protesta. Como consecuencia de todo ello, la Forma Social de la Protesta tiende a ser más simbólica en sus repertorios de acción, mientras la raíz estructural de los conflictos – y el de las estructuras de poder de los que derivan- continúa siendo fundamentalmente material.

Estrategias económicas en América Latina en el siglo XXI y resultados por país

Tras la imposición de programas de ajuste estructural ordenados por los organismos internacionales ante la crisis de la deuda externa, y después de supeditar a estos planes sus políticas de desarrollo, los países latinoamericanos afrontan el presente siglo con aires nuevos y políticas económicas de diversa índole, las cuales pueden ser agrupadas principalmente en tres grandes bloques. Nos encontraremos así, en un primer grupo, con países como México, Chile, Colombia y Perú, que optaron por seguir la sugerida senda del neoliberalismo y firmar diversos tratados de libre comercio, apostando por economías abiertas y políticas de privatización. Un segundo bloque, compuesto por Brasil, Uruguay y Argentina, representa a aquellos países cuyas estrategias económicas han tratado de converger en una suerte de economías abiertas y políticas sociales. Finalmente, se analizarán en un tercer grupo los casos de Venezuela, Bolivia y Ecuador, principales países de la denominada Alianza Bolivariana (ALBA), los cuales comparten una fuerte ideología de izquierdas que aboga por una profunda acción social. Con el objetivo de exponer los diferentes retornos de estas tres principales estrategias, bucearemos a lo largo de las siguientes páginas en las características económicas, políticas y sociales inherentes a cada uno de estos países, tratando de dilucidar los aciertos y desaciertos de las nuevas políticas implementadas. Por último, se realizará una comparativa basada en datos macroeconómicos de todos los países objeto de estudio, con el fin de reflexionar sobre qué políticas económicas han logrado mejores resultados y a qué motivos se deben.

Euskal Herriko Ekonomi Egitura

Dokumentu honetan Euskadiko Ekonomiaren Egituraz hitz egingo dugu, baina kontzeptu berezi batean fokatuta: berrikuntza. Lehenik XVII, XVIII eta XIX. mendeetan zehar Euskadiko Ekonomiaren Egiturak jasan dituen aldaketak errepasatuko ditugu, Euskadiko ekonomian eman ziren aldaketarik garrantzitsuenak aipatuz eta Euskadiko Ekonomiaren Egitura urte horietan aztertuz. Geroago, XX. mendea sakonki aztertuko dugu, mende oso garrantzitsua izan baitzen euskal ekonomiarentzat eta denboran hurbilen daukaguna delako. Jarraian XXI. mendeko lehen urteetan euskal ekonomian eman diren gora beherak aztertuko ditugu. Eta azkenik, lehen aipatu dugun moduan, berrikuntzaren kontzeptuan murgilduko gara. Euskal ekonomiak kontzeptu honetara zelan moldatu den aztertuko dugu, honek ekonomian izan dituen ondorioak eta etorkizuna zelakoa izango den hausnartzen saiatuko gara. Azken zati honekin batera enpresa zehatz baten kasua aztertuko dugu (Graphenea enpresa), Euskadiko Ekonomiaren Egiturak azken urteetan izan dituen aldaketek enpresa baten izan ditzaketen ondorioak aztertu ahal izateko. Honekin batera, lan honetan zehar aipatuko ditugun ezaugarri ezberdinak merkatuan dagoen enpresa batekin aztertzea lortu nahi dugu, kasu praktiko honetaz baliatuz.

Evolución de las cajas de ahorros y el crédito inmobiliario en el sistema financiero español

A lo largo de este trabajo, analizamos la evolución del crédito en el sistema financiero español en los últimos 40 años teniendo en cuenta las características de las entidades y de los agentes receptores de crédito. Para ello, comenzamos dividiendo en tres etapas la evolución de la economía española. Analizamos las principales características macroeconómicas de cada etapa y estudiamos las diferentes opciones de intervención pública que llevó a cabo el gobierno y después las Comunidades Autónomas con su creación para detener la especulación y ofrecer una vivienda digna a sus ciudadanos. Profundizamos en la normativa expuesta a las cajas de ahorro y a los bancos privados pero, principalmente, realizamos un examen exhaustivo observando el comportamiento del crédito ofrecido por las entidades por separado a los diferentes agentes económicos (familias, empresas y Administraciones Públicas) para averiguar cómo ha evolucionado. Además, realizamos una comparativa para investigar en qué condiciones y qué tipo de préstamos han ofrecido esencialmente en el mercado. Finalmente, examinamos la situación que hemos vivido estos últimos años de crisis económica y nos centramos, esencialmente, en la situación que han atravesado las cajas de ahorro y los bancos privados.

Inserción laboral de los jóvenes de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca

[ES]El presente informe consiste en un análisis descriptivo sobre la inserción laboral de los jóvenes en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca, enfocándose en los cambios sucedidos durante la reciente crisis económica de 2008. A lo largo del trabajo, se muestran los datos más recientes, ofrecidos por las fuentes oficiales, sobre los principales indicadores de inserción laboral, como por ejemplo, las tasas de actividad, ocupación y paro. Para analizar estos datos, se diferencia entre la población joven y la adulta y se comparan los datos del País vasco a nivel nacional y europeo, con el fin de obtener una visión clara de la situación de los jóvenes vascos en el mercado laboral. Asimismo, se profundiza en el estudio de las últimas promociones de titulados universitarios y de formación profesional, analizando los principales indicadores de empleo de estos colectivos, así como las características de los empleos y del proceso de inserción.

Marca País, un caso de estudio

Este trabajo de fin de grado tiene como objetivo estudiar la competitividad a nivel nacional a través de la marca país. Más concretamente analizar el papel que desempeña la marca España en el mercado internacional. [ES]

Teodulfo de Orléans y las Artes Liberales

Este trabajo lo hemos realizado dentro del proyecto de investigación «La Retórica en el medievo» concedido por la UPV (1/UPV 00106.130H-14809/2002).

Haches, diptongos y otros detalles de alguna importancia: notas sobre numerales (proto)vascos y comparación vasco-ibérica (con un apéndice sobre 'hiri' y otro sobre 'bat'-'bi')

Trabajo desarrollado dentro del proyecto Monumenta Linguae Vasconum III (FFI2008-04516) del MICIN y del GIC: IT-486-10 del GV.

Sobre la etimología del topónimo "Pamp(i)lica"

Este artículo recoge en buena parte el contenido de la comuniación que, bajo el título "Pampliega ≠ Pamplona: dos topónimos incomparables", se presentó el XVIII Simposio de la Sociedad Española de Lingüística, celebrado en Madrid del 12 al 14 de diciembre de 1988.