Structure, transports and transformations of the water masses in the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre

We discuss the distributions and transports of the main water masses in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (NASPG) for the mean of the period 2002–2010 (OVIDE sections 2002–2010 every other year), as well as the inter-annual variability of the water mass structure from 1997 (4x and METEOR sections) to 2010. The water mass structure of the NASPG, quantitatively assessed by means of an Optimum MultiParameter analysis (with 14 water masses), was combined with the velocity fields resulting from previous studies using inverse models to obtain the water mass volume transports. We also evaluate the relative contribution to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) of the main water masses characterizing the NASPG, identifying the water masses that contribute to the AMOC variability. The reduction of the magnitude of the upper limb of the AMOC between 1997 and the 2000s is associated with the reduction in the northward transport of the Central Waters. This reduction of the northward flow of the AMOC is partially compensated by the reduction of the southward flow of the lower limb of the AMOC, associated with the decrease in the transports of Polar Intermediate Water and Subpolar Mode Water (SPMW) in the Irminger Basin. We also decompose the flow over the Reykjanes Ridge from the East North Atlantic Basin to the Irminger Basin (9.4 ± 4.7 Sv) into the contributions of the Central Waters (2.1 ± 1.8 Sv), Labrador Sea Water (LSW, 2.4 ± 2.0 Sv), Subarctic Intermediate Water (SAIW, 4.0 ± 0.5 Sv) and Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW, 0.9 ± 0.9 Sv). Once LSW and ISOW cross over the Reykjanes Ridge, favoured by the strong mixing around it, they leave the Irminger Basin through the deep-to-bottom levels. The results also give insights into the water mass transformations within the NASPG, such as the contribution of the Central Waters and SAIW to the formation of the different varieties of SPMW due to air–sea interaction.

Hydrothermal activity along the slow-spreading Lucky Strike ridge segment (Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Distribution, heatflux, and geological controls

We have reviewed available visual information from the seafloor, and recently acquired microbathymetry for several traverses across the Lucky Strike segment, to evaluate the distribution of hydrothermal activity. We have identified a new on-axis site with diffuse flow, Ewan, and an active vent structure ∼1.2 km from the axis, Capelinhos. These sites are minor relative to the Main field, and our total heatflux estimate for all active sites (200–1200 MW) is only slightly higher than previously published estimates. We also identify fossil sites W of the main Lucky Strike field. A circular feature ∼200 m in diameter located on the flanks of a rifted off-axis central volcano is likely a large and inactive hydrothermal edifice, named Grunnus. We find no indicator of focused hydrothermal activity elsewhere along the segment, suggesting that the enhanced melt supply and the associated melt lenses, required to form central volcanoes, also sustain hydrothermal circulation to form and maintain large and long-lived hydrothermal fields. Hydrothermal discharge to the seafloor occurs along fault traces, suggesting focusing of hydrothermal circulation in the shallow crust along permeable fault zones.

Directive cadre sur l’eau - Bassin Loire-Bretagne. Contrôle de surveillance dans les masses d’eau côtières et de transition. Actions menées par Ifremer en 2014

Le contrôle de surveillance 2014 pour la DCE appliquée dans les eaux littorales de Loire Bretagne a porté sur les 25 masses d’eau côtières (sur 39 au total) et les 16 masses d’eau de transition (sur 30 au total) retenues au titre du contrôle de surveillance. L’ensemble des résultats acquis, aussi bien sur les paramètres biologiques que chimiques, a permis de mettre à jour l’évaluation de l’état des masses d’eau affiché sur l’atlas DCE accessible sur la page web d’Envlit correspondante.

Expertise sur 3 masses d’eau de la Réunion (étangs de Saint-Paul et du Gol) et de Martinique (étang des Salines) : typologie et surveillance DCE

Trois masses d’eau situées sur le littoral de l’île de la Réunion et de la Martinique présentent des fonctionnements et des caractéristiques atypiques, ce qui pose actuellement des difficultés dans le cadre de l’application de la DCE. Les deux masses d’eau réunionnaises, l’étang du Gol et l’étang de Saint-Paul, sont actuellement identifiées en tant que plans d’eau au titre de la DCE. La masse d’eau martiniquaise, l’étang des Salines, est quant à elle identifiée en tant que masse d’eau de transition. L’objectif de cette étude est d’apporter une expertise, sur la base des données disponibles et des échanges avec les experts locaux et nationaux, concernant : · la typologie des masses d’eau, · les paramètres chimiques, physico-chimiques et biologiques pertinents à suivre dans le cadre de la surveillance DCE, · des pistes de travail pour consolider des grilles de diagnostic sur les masses d’eau. Cette expertise s’appuie également sur les retours d’expériences et les études réalisées dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de la DCE sur les lagunes des bassins Rhône Méditerranée et Corse, dont la morphologie et le fonctionnement se rapprochent des trois masses d’eau étudiées. L’analyse des données et études fournies sur les étangs réunionnais du Gol et de Saint-Paul conduit à poser la question de la pertinence de leur maintien dans le référentiel des masses d’eau au titre de la DCE. Si le choix est cependant fait de conserver ces étangs en tant que masses d’eau DCE, leurs caractéristiques correspondraient à la typologie des eaux de transition et à la gamme de salinité oligohaline. Des recommandations sont formulées en termes d’études complémentaires visant à préciser le fonctionnement hydrologique de ces étangs et de priorisation des suivis de leur qualité physico-chimique et biologique, pour aboutir à une surveillance DCE pérenne. Les recommandations formulées à partir des données fournies sur l’étang martiniquais des Salines concernent l’évaluation des pressions anthropiques pesant sur cette masse d’eau, la priorisation des suivis de sa qualité chimique, physico-chimique et biologique dans le cadre de la surveillance DCE. Des pistes sont également données pour l’élaboration et la consolidation de grilles de diagnostic adaptées à cet étang.

Directive Cadre sur l’Eau : les pressions anthropiques et leur impact sur les indicateurs de l’état écologique des masses d’eau littorales de la façade Manche-Atlantique. Synthèse bibliographique

Within the European water framework directive (WFD), the status assessment of littoral waters is based both on the chemical quality and on the ecological quality of each water body. Quality elements enabling to assess the ecological status of a water body are, among other things, biological quality elements (phytoplankton, macroalgae, angiosperms, benthic invertebrates, fish), for each of which the member states have developed quantitative indicators. This document is one of the deliverables of a multi-annual study intended to characterize the sensitivity of these biological indicators towards the various anthropogenic pressures exerted on the French Atlantic and Channel coast: ultimately, the goal is to establish a quantitative and predictive relationship, statistically robust, between the WFD indicators used along the French channel and Atlantic coastline, and various anthropogenic pressures acting on these coasts. The aim of the WFD is indeed to restore or maintain a good chemical and biological quality of coastal waters, and thus to limit the impact of human activities potentially responsible for the degradation of ecosystems. This understanding of the linkages and interactions existing between anthropogenic pressures and ecological status of water bodies is therefore essential to identify priorities for action (challenges, substances ...), prioritize actions to implement within restoration programs (technical, fiscal, financial), but also to be able to communicate constructively and persuasively in talks between managers and the various stakeholders of coastal regions. Using the DPSIR methodology, this literature analysis has permitted to identify, for each WFD biological quality element (except fish), which pressures (or pressure types) are potentially relevant in the light of their impact on the indicators of the ecological status of water bodies. Some metrics and indicators of anthropogenic pressures used in the literature to characterize the sensitivity of the biological quality elements, within quantitative approaches, were also identified. It is also clear from this review that the biological quality elements can be particularly sensitive to intrinsic environmental conditions, and therefore to certain changes related to natural phenomena occurring at large scales (e.g. climate change, paroxysmal climate episode...). Therefore, when one is interested in the sensitivity of biological indicators to different anthropogenic pressures, two factors can complicate the analysis and are likely to weaken the resulting statistical relationships: on the one hand, the variability of biological responses depending on the natural context and, on the other hand, interactions (so called synergistic effects) between different types of anthropogenic pressures and the alterations they can generate.

Directive Cadre sur l’Eau : les pressions anthropiques et leur impact sur les indicateurs de l’état écologique des masses d’eau littorales de la façade Manche-Atlantique - Développement d’une base de données quantitatives sur les pressions anthropiques littorales

Within the European water framework directive (WFD), the status assessment of littoral waters is based both on the chemical quality and on the ecological quality of each water body. Quality elements enabling to assess the ecological status of a water body are, among other things, biological quality elements (phytoplankton, macroalgae, angiosperms, benthic invertebrates, fish), for each of which member states have developed quantitative indicators. This document compiles three deliverables of a multi-annual study intended to characterize the sensitivity of these biological indicators regarding the various anthropogenic pressures exerted on the French Atlantic and Channel coast: ultimately, the goal is to establish a quantitative and predictive relationship, statistically robust, between the WFD indicators used along the French channel and Atlantic coastline, and various anthropogenic pressures acting on these coasts. These three deliverables are the following : - The reports of various interviews performed with French national referents for the biological quality elements used within the littoral part of the WFD in Channel and Atlantic (phytoplankton, subtidal and intertidal macroalgae, opportunistic blooming macroalgae, angiosperms and benthic invertebrates). These interviews aimed to specify, for each metric constitutive of the BQE indicator (if multi-metric), the "relevant" pressures, as well as the trend of this impact, - Sheets describing the "pressure" and "environment" data available, in order to characterize spatially and quantitatively these "relevant" anthropogenic pressures acting on French Channel and Atlantic coast, - A progress report dealing with the development of a database tool, for archiving quantitative data characterizing "relevant" littoral anthropogenic pressures.