Évolution pléistocène de la Seine fluviatile préservée en Baie de Seine

New high-resolution seismic data complemented with bedrock samples allowed us to propose a revised geological map of the Bay of Seine and to better define the control by the geological substrate on the morphogenesis and evolution of the Seine River during Pleistocene times. The new data confirm previous works. The Bay of Seine can be divided into two geological parts: a Mesozoic monocline domain occupying most of the bay and a syncline domain, mostly Tertiary, in the north, at the transition with the Central English Channel area. The highlighting of Eocene synsedimentary deformations, marked by sliding blocks in the syncline domain, is one of the most original inputs of this new study in the Bay of Seine that underlines the significant role of the substrate on the formation of the Seine paleo-valley. In the monocline domain, three terraces, pre-Saalian, Saalian and Weischelian in age respectively, constitute the infill of the paleovalley, preferentially incised into the middle to upper Jurassic marl-dominated formations, and bounded to the north by the seaward extension of the Oxfordian cuesta. The three terraces are preserved only along the northern bank of the paleovalley, evidencing a NE-to-SW migration of the successive valleys during the Pleistocene. We assume this displacement results from the tectonic tilt of the Paris Basin western margin. In the North, the paleo-Seine is incised into the axis of the tertiary syncline, and comprises three fill terraces that are assumed to have similar ages than those of the terraces. The fill terrace pattern is associated to the subsiding character of this northern domain of the Bay of Seine.

Sources de variation intra-populationelle de la morphologie des otolithes: asymétrie directionnelle et régime alimentaire

Otoliths are calcified structures located in Osteichthyes’ inner ear that are involved in audition and balance. Their morphology is used as an indicator of various ecological processes or properties. This application requires identifying the endogenous and exogenous factors that act simultaneously as sources of shape variation. This thesis aims at detecting and quantifying the relative contributions of directional asymmetry and diet to otolith shape variation at the intra-population level. Directional asymmetry between left and right otoliths was found in flat-fishes, the blind-side otolith being always longer and larger, whereas it was negligible in round-fishes. However, asymmetry amplitude never exceeded 18 %, which suggests evolutionary canalization of otolith shape symmetry. A correlation between global diet and otolith was detected in 4 species studied in situ. Diet composition contributed more than food amount to morphological variation and affected otolith shape both globally and locally. An experimental study on sea bass (Dicentrarchus larbrax) showed that diet composition in terms of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids at larval stage affects otolith morphogenesis during juvenile stage without impacting on individuals’ somatic growth. This result suggests a direct effect of diet on otolith shape and not an indirect one through the somatic-otolith growth relationship. This effect disappeared at later stages, morphogenetic trajectories converging back to a similar shape, which suggests ontogenetic canalization of otolith shape.