La Nouvelle-Calédonie : Atouts et enjeux maritimes d'un pays "doué"

The publication draws up a balance sheet about the natural marine assets of New Caledonia by distinguishing the coast and the intertidal zones, the coral reefs and lagoons, the open sea or "deep blue". A set of assets relative to the living and mineral natural resources, to the characteristics of the shallow and deep marine biodiversity, to the potential marine energy resources are discussed. This publication, edited in a Consumer directed free magazine, draws up a set of perspectives relative to a blue economy to be built in a country still very centred on its ground resources, essentially the nickel mining industry.

Biodiversité halieutique : impacts de la pêche et des changements climatiques - Conséquences économiques pour les pêcheries

Les actions de recherche synthétisées dans ce document ont été menées en partenariat avec des halieutes, écologues marins, statisticiens, modélisateurs et économistes ; partenaires au sein de l’Ifremer, d’organismes de recherche - IRD, CNRS, Institut National de Recherche Halieutique du Maroc - , et d’Enseignement Supérieur - Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieur de Brest, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane. Ces actions ont permis de consolider une communauté pluri-disciplinaire nationale pour aborder les questions de l’analyse intégrée et de la modélisation à l’échelle écosystémique de la durabilité écologique et économique de l’exploitation des ressources halieutiques dans un contexte climatique changeant. Elles ont permis par ailleurs une première application formelle significative au sein de l’Ifremer, de l’approche écosystémique des pêches en contexte tropical (Guyane) et la formalisation du concept de "Biodiversité Halieutique". Les méthodes d’analyse utilisées ont en premier lieu été développées pour le cas du plateau continental du Golfe de Gascogne. Ces méthodes ont ensuite été étendues et appliquées à d’autres plateaux continentaux dont les caractéristiques étaient très différentes en termes climatique, de fonctionnement physique, bio-géographique, d’exploitation halieutique, économique et de gestion de la pêche : au Maroc dans la zone sous influence d’un up-welling, et en Guyane sous l’influence de l’estuaire de l’Amazone. Des actions lancées en 2009 et en 2010, reprennent ces méthodes pour des cas d’application à un autre plateau continental, dans la région tropicale du nord de l’Australie, et pour des cas en zones littorales, en Guyane et aux îles Salomon. Les principaux résultats obtenus sont i) l’identification de changements dans la structure des peuplements de poissons de fond : l’analyse de l’évolution temporelle des caractéristiques des peuplements de fond notamment en terme de taille individuelle, de niveau trophique, d’affinité thermique des espèces (origine biogéographique) a montré l’existence d’effets conjoints de la pêche (sur-exploitation et effets écosystémiques) et des changements climatiques, en région tempérée comme en région tropicale ; ii) l’identification de changements dans la structure en espèce des débarquements des pêcheries à l’échelle des dernières décennies, ainsi que la diminution de leur valeur économique totale, à la fois conséquence des changements dans les peuplements mais conséquence aussi des changements intervenus dans les marchés internationaux des produits de la mer ; iii) Le poids des différents facteurs (pêche, climat, marchés…) est variable selon les cas d’étude, mais ceux qui sont décrits ici sont ceux, communs aux différents systèmes, qui semblent prépondérants ; iv) l’adaptation de modèles existants ainsi que le développement de nouveaux modèles maintenant opérationnels, depuis des échelles permettant une utilisation en terme d’expertise et de recommandation de gestion des pêcheries à court terme, jusqu’à des échelles permettant des projections exploratoires à long terme visant à comprendre les effets conjoints du climat, de la pêche et des marchés.

Directive Cadre sur l’Eau : les pressions anthropiques et leur impact sur les indicateurs de l’état écologique des masses d’eau littorales de la façade Manche-Atlantique. Synthèse bibliographique

Within the European water framework directive (WFD), the status assessment of littoral waters is based both on the chemical quality and on the ecological quality of each water body. Quality elements enabling to assess the ecological status of a water body are, among other things, biological quality elements (phytoplankton, macroalgae, angiosperms, benthic invertebrates, fish), for each of which the member states have developed quantitative indicators. This document is one of the deliverables of a multi-annual study intended to characterize the sensitivity of these biological indicators towards the various anthropogenic pressures exerted on the French Atlantic and Channel coast: ultimately, the goal is to establish a quantitative and predictive relationship, statistically robust, between the WFD indicators used along the French channel and Atlantic coastline, and various anthropogenic pressures acting on these coasts. The aim of the WFD is indeed to restore or maintain a good chemical and biological quality of coastal waters, and thus to limit the impact of human activities potentially responsible for the degradation of ecosystems. This understanding of the linkages and interactions existing between anthropogenic pressures and ecological status of water bodies is therefore essential to identify priorities for action (challenges, substances ...), prioritize actions to implement within restoration programs (technical, fiscal, financial), but also to be able to communicate constructively and persuasively in talks between managers and the various stakeholders of coastal regions. Using the DPSIR methodology, this literature analysis has permitted to identify, for each WFD biological quality element (except fish), which pressures (or pressure types) are potentially relevant in the light of their impact on the indicators of the ecological status of water bodies. Some metrics and indicators of anthropogenic pressures used in the literature to characterize the sensitivity of the biological quality elements, within quantitative approaches, were also identified. It is also clear from this review that the biological quality elements can be particularly sensitive to intrinsic environmental conditions, and therefore to certain changes related to natural phenomena occurring at large scales (e.g. climate change, paroxysmal climate episode...). Therefore, when one is interested in the sensitivity of biological indicators to different anthropogenic pressures, two factors can complicate the analysis and are likely to weaken the resulting statistical relationships: on the one hand, the variability of biological responses depending on the natural context and, on the other hand, interactions (so called synergistic effects) between different types of anthropogenic pressures and the alterations they can generate.

Directive Cadre sur l’Eau : les pressions anthropiques et leur impact sur les indicateurs de l’état écologique des masses d’eau littorales de la façade Manche-Atlantique - Développement d’une base de données quantitatives sur les pressions anthropiques littorales

Within the European water framework directive (WFD), the status assessment of littoral waters is based both on the chemical quality and on the ecological quality of each water body. Quality elements enabling to assess the ecological status of a water body are, among other things, biological quality elements (phytoplankton, macroalgae, angiosperms, benthic invertebrates, fish), for each of which member states have developed quantitative indicators. This document compiles three deliverables of a multi-annual study intended to characterize the sensitivity of these biological indicators regarding the various anthropogenic pressures exerted on the French Atlantic and Channel coast: ultimately, the goal is to establish a quantitative and predictive relationship, statistically robust, between the WFD indicators used along the French channel and Atlantic coastline, and various anthropogenic pressures acting on these coasts. These three deliverables are the following : - The reports of various interviews performed with French national referents for the biological quality elements used within the littoral part of the WFD in Channel and Atlantic (phytoplankton, subtidal and intertidal macroalgae, opportunistic blooming macroalgae, angiosperms and benthic invertebrates). These interviews aimed to specify, for each metric constitutive of the BQE indicator (if multi-metric), the "relevant" pressures, as well as the trend of this impact, - Sheets describing the "pressure" and "environment" data available, in order to characterize spatially and quantitatively these "relevant" anthropogenic pressures acting on French Channel and Atlantic coast, - A progress report dealing with the development of a database tool, for archiving quantitative data characterizing "relevant" littoral anthropogenic pressures.

Intérêt biogéographique de la côte basque rocheuse

During recent decades, works on rocky shore biodiversity have been multiplied in the southern part of the Bay of Biscay and more precisely on intertidal and subtidal area were communities present a great interest. Necessity of conservation of coastal habitats and their communities and a growing pressure on coastal environments explain awareness of services provided by these ecosystems. Those communities are very sensitive to water quality change. Moreover, since the beginning of the XXI century various European directives require a good ecological status of coastal waters and conservation of their communities : Water Framework Directive (WFD), Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and conservation of habitats with Directive Habitat Fauna and Flora (DHFF).... Integrated environmental status assessment approach is needed for this requirement in front of specific component at the regional scale of the Bay of Biscay. This analyze, at this regional scale, bring a particular interest to follow some biological groups in front of their ecological sensitivity. Among them, some example are listed like algae, invertebrate as species of mollusc opistobranch and fishes of the family blennidae are targets of interest for future monitoring. The biogeographic specificity of species of these groups is to present strong ecological requirements, in a trophic point of view for example, as well as boundary in local distribution in the southern part of the Bay of Biscay. Thus, monitoring of their distribution and abundance should be a relevant indicator of environmental change. If the presence of individuals is relatively easy to implement, monitoring in terms of abundance are more complex to develop to obtain representative data in coastal areas. The mobile character of the individual and their high location variability based on fluctuating environmental conditions is a challenge that needs to be considered. Interest concerns both the development of their number and their migration to the north for species in northern limit, and/or disappearance for species in southern distribution limits. Moreover, acquisition of knowledge on the taxonomy of local species is a way to improve biodiversity knowledge and assessment of global change as climatic change.