Climate Change Influences Carrying Capacity in a Coastal Embayment Dedicated to Shellfish Aquaculture

A spatially explicit coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model was developed to study a coastal ecosystem under the combined effects of mussel aquaculture, nutrient loading and climate change. The model was applied to St Peter's Bay (SPB), Prince Edward Island, Eastern Canada. Approximately 40 % of the SPB area is dedicated to mussel (Mytilus edulis) longline culture. Results indicate that the two main food sources for mussels, phytoplankton and organic detritus, are most depleted in the central part of the embayment. Results also suggest that the system is near its ultimate capacity, a state where the energy cycle is restricted to nitrogen-phytoplankton-detritus-mussels with few resources left to be transferred to higher trophic levels. Annually, mussel meat harvesting extracts nitrogen (N) resources equivalent to 42 % of river inputs or 46.5 % of the net phytoplankton primary production. Under such extractive pressure, the phytoplankton biomass is being curtailed to 1980's levels when aquaculture was not yet developed and N loading was half the present level. Current mussel stocks also decrease bay-scale sedimentation rates by 14 %. Finally, a climate change scenario (year 2050) predicted a 30 % increase in mussel production, largely driven by more efficient utilization of the phytoplankton spring bloom. However, the predicted elevated summer temperatures (> 25 A degrees C) may also have deleterious physiological effects on mussels and possibly increase summer mortality levels. In conclusion, cultivated bivalves may play an important role in remediating the negative impacts of land-derived nutrient loading. Climate change may lead to increases in production and ecological carrying capacity as long as the cultivated species can tolerate warmer summer conditions.

Informing Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) with numerical modelling: A case-study on shellfish aquaculture in Malpeque Bay (Eastern Canada)

A moratorium on further bivalve leasing was established in 1999–2000 in Prince Edward Island (Canada). Recently, a marine spatial planning process was initiated explore potential mussel culture expansion in Malpeque Bay. This study focuses on the effects of a projected expansion scenario on productivity of existing leases and available suspended food resources. The aim is to provide a robust scientific assessment using available datasets and three modelling approaches ranging in complexity: (1) a connectivity analysis among culture areas; (2) a scenario analysis of organic seston dynamics based on a simplified biogeochemical model; and (3) a scenario analysis of phytoplankton dynamics based on an ecosystem model. These complementary approaches suggest (1) new leases can affect existing culture both through direct connectivity and through bay-scale effects driven by the overall increase in mussel biomass, and (2) a net reduction of phytoplankton within the bounds of its natural variation in the area.

Relations entre apports terrigènes et conchyliculture dans les Pertuis Charentais

This work presents interactions between quantitative and qualitative river freshwater inputs and the shellfish farming (oyster and mussel) in the Pertuis Charentais. The quantity of freshwater (i.e. salinity) seems to have a weak influence on the shellfish farming contrarily to its quality determined by particulate and dissolved matters contained in the water. In autumn and winter, large precipitations have a "globally positive" effect amending the coastal ecosystem. Associated dissolved nutriments and the organic matter largely determine the quality of the coming spring growth for bred shellfish, itself controlling in turn the annual yield efficiencies. However, in winter their effects are postponed because of strong mineral load, low luminosity and temperature, then limiting the primary production. The spring contributions, directly linked to territorial practices, agriculture and tourism are more variable in quantity and quality from one year to another. They often correspond to high-risk inflows since numerous substances from anthropogenic watersheds can be found diluted in the coastal zone as in the Pertuis Charentais. Their impacts on in situ estuarine ecosystems are still poorly known since these substances are mainly studied and estimated in laboratory in controlled conditions. Several studies showed anthropogenic contaminations (i.e. cadmium, pesticides) could have significant direct or indirect effects on shellfish farming. For instance, the "summer" mortalities between 1990 and 2000 in the South of the Marennes-Oléron bay (MOB), that induced environmental and physiological oyster disorders, could be linked to pesticide effects, measured during consecutive years on the oyster bed of Ronce Perquis in the South of the MOB. The weak results from the spring larval rearing of the IFREMER experimental hatchery in the South of the bay, and chromosomal abnormalities measured on the stocks of wild oysters of the Pertuis could confirm a high-risk spring environment for the shellfish farming. In summer terrestrial inputs are reduced by low precipitations, anthropogenic water removals (drinking water, irrigation) and by plant evapotranspiration. Consequently certain years, a significant salinity increase in water masses of the Pertuis Charentais is observed. However, based on long-term observations, the significant interannual variability noticed in freshwater contributions constitutes one of the most important facts of these last years. When contributions are weak (i.e. 1991 and 2011), the mean annual salinity is 34.5 in the MOB. To the contrary, other years (i.e. 1977, 1981, 1983 and 1988), the mean salinity reduced to 30.5 shows the significant freshwater contributions to the bay. Elsewhere, particularly in the mediterranean region, oyster breeding water conditions characterized by high salinity values show the freshwater does not seem to be necessary for biological functions of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Indeed, the oyster embryonic life in particular is well adapted to high salinity values as long as trophic resources are substantial and temperatures remain high. These two factors firstly condition the embryonic survival before the water salinity. Besides, in the Pertuis Charentais, wind conditions and the geographical bloodstock position rather determine the success of the larvae capture than seawater physic-chemical conditions. Finally, a misunderstanding still remains on summer freshwater contributions to the oyster larvae food supply.

Probabilistic approach of water residence time and connectivity using Markov Chains with application to tidal embayments

Markov Chain analysis was recently proposed to assess the time scales and preferential pathways into biological or physical networks by computing residence time, first passage time, rates of transfer between nodes and number of passages in a node. We propose to adapt an algorithm already published for simple systems to physical systems described with a high resolution hydrodynamic model. The method is applied to bays and estuaries on the Eastern Coast of Canada for their interest in shellfish aquaculture. Current velocities have been computed by using a 2 dimensional grid of elements and circulation patterns were summarized by averaging Eulerian flows between adjacent elements. Flows and volumes allow computing probabilities of transition between elements and to assess the average time needed by virtual particles to move from one element to another, the rate of transfer between two elements, and the average residence time of each system. We also combined transfer rates and times to assess the main pathways of virtual particles released in farmed areas and the potential influence of farmed areas on other areas. We suggest that Markov chain is complementary to other sets of ecological indicators proposed to analyse the interactions between farmed areas - e.g. depletion index, carrying capacity assessment. Markov Chain has several advantages with respect to the estimation of connectivity between pair of sites. It makes possible to estimate transfer rates and times at once in a very quick and efficient way, without the need to perform long term simulations of particle or tracer concentration.

Rapid detection and quantification of the marine toxic algae, Alexandrium minutum, using a super-paramagnetic immunochromatographic strip test

The dinoflagellates of Alexandrium genus are known to be producers of paralytic shellfish toxins that regularly impact the shellfish aquaculture industry and fisheries. Accurate detection of Alexandrium including A. minutum is crucial for environmental monitoring and sanitary issues. In this study, we firstly developed a quantitative lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) using super-paramagnetic nanobeads for A. minutum whole cells. This dipstick assay relies on two distinct monoclonal antibodies used in a sandwich format and directed against surface antigens of this organism. No sample preparation is required. Either frozen or live cells can be detected and quantified. The specificity and sensitivity are assessed by using phytoplankton culture and field samples spiked with a known amount of cultured A. minutum cells. This LFIA is shown to be highly specific for A. minutum and able to detect reproducibly 105 cells/L within 30 min. The test is applied to environmental samples already characterized by light microscopy counting. No significant difference is observed between the cell densities obtained by these two methods. This handy super-paramagnetic lateral flow immnunoassay biosensor can greatly assist water quality monitoring programs as well as ecological research.

Disponibilité à des fins d'aquaculture des différents âges de thon rouge en atlantique est

In order to clear up possibilities to get bluefin tuna of various age in Eastern Atlantic, main conclusions on availability of bluefin in Eastern Atalntic are given, using results of International Commission for Conservation of Atlantic Tuna.

Processing traits of European catfish (Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758) from outdoor flow-through and indoor recycling aquaculture units

The quality of fish cultured using recycling units may differ from that of fish from outdoor farming units due to a range of deviating environmental determinants. This applies not only to flesh quality but also to morphological (processing) traits. This study evaluates processing yields of sibling fish cultured in two different farming units: (i) an outdoor pond aquaculture system with a flow-through regime (24.6 ± 0.2°C), and (ii) indoor tanks using a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS; 26.0 ± 1.0°C). Clear differences were observed in the most important processing traits, i.e. skinned trunk and fillet yields, which were both significantly higher (P < 0.01) in RAS fish due to significantly smaller (P < 0.05) head weight in fish of the flow-through system. Skin represented a significantly higher (P < 0.01) proportion of total weight in both RAS males and females. The most obvious difference was in the deposited fat weight, which was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in RAS fish. Visceral fat deposits were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in females and ventral and dorsal fat deposits higher (P > 0.05) in males.

Vitamin A supplementation enhances Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) early juvenile’s immunocompetence: new insights on potential underlying pathways

Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) has been considered since the 1990´s to be a promising flatfish species for diversifying European marine aquaculture. However, pathogen outbreaks leading to high mortality rates can impair Senegalese sole commercial production at the weaning phase. Different approaches have been shown to improve fish immunocompetence; with this in mind the objective of the work described herein was to determine whether increased levels of dietary vitamin A (VA) improve the immune response in early juveniles of Senegalese sole. For this purpose, Senegalese sole were reared and fed with Artemia metanauplii containing increased levels of VA (37,000; 44,666; 82,666 and 203,000 total VA IU Kg-1) from 6 to 60 days post-hatch (early juvenile stage). After an induced bacterial infection with a 50 % lethal dose of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, survival rate, as well as underlying gene expression of specific immune markers (C1inh, C3, C9, Lgals1, Hamp, LysC, Prdx1, Steap4 and Transf) were evaluated. Results showed that fish fed higher doses of dietary VA were more resistant to the bacterial challenge. The lower mortality was found to be related with differential expression of genes involved in the complement system and iron availability. We suggest that feeding metamorphosed Senegalese sole with 203,000 total VA IU Kg-1 might be an effective, inexpensive and environmentally friendly method to improve Senegalese sole immunocompetence, thereby improving survival of juveniles and reducing economic losses.

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella spp. in three shellfish-harvesting areas in France

Shellfish farming is an important economic activity in the Brittany and Normandy regions. However, a part of the production sites corresponds to relatively sensitive areas where the presence of faecal microorganisms is a major concern for shellfish and constitutes a possible health risk. Indeed, shellfish bioaccumulates in their tissues pathogenic contaminants present in water and can cause food-borne diseases such as salmonellosis. During a two-year study, we evaluated the presence of faecal indicators, measured the prevalence of Salmonella spp., isolated and characterized Salmonella spp. from three French shellfish-harvesting areas (shellfish and sediment) and their watersheds (from river water samples).

Espèces de thonidés d'intérêt potentiel pour l'aquaculture en Méditerranée

Bluefin tuna is particularly concerned in the project of tuna rearing in the Mediterranean sea. However there are no reasons to neglect the other tuna species of the Mediterranean sea which present an interesting material for the development of the research on tuna cultivation.

Rapport de mission sur la conférence mondiale sur l'aquaculture, organisée conjointement par la World Aquaculture Society et la European Aquaculture Society. Florence, Italie, 9-13 mai 2006

Ce congrès était organisé conjointement par les deux grandes associations de développement de l'aquaculture dans le monde: la World Aquaculture Society (WAS, 2300 membres) et la European Aquaculture Society (EAS, 550 membres). Le précédent s'était tenu à Nice, en mai 2000. Il a rassemblé pendant 5 jours plus de 3000 chercheurs et responsables institutionnels de 95 nationalités. Environ 600 communications orales étaient réparties sur 67 sessions suivant un système de 11 salles en parallèle. Entre les salles de conférence étaient présentés les panneaux des 460 posters. Sur le site, l'exposition commerciale accueillait 135 entreprises et organismes; elle a reçu la visite d'environ 2000 visiteurs dont la moitié d'Italiens (source: EAS). Le thème général du congrès était le lien entre la tradition et la technologie. L'objectif était de montrer que les technologies, dont l'image est ambivalente, constituent un outil remarquable de développement de l'aquaculture, y compris en tenant compte des contraintes de durabilité. En effet, les attentes du citoyen, comme du consommateur, restent centrées autour des notions de qualité, sécurité alimentaire, bien-être et santé animale. Les travaux portaient sur les disciplines classiques de l'aquaculture (nutrition, physiologie, génétique, etc) et leur relation avec les biotechnologies. Il faut souligner l'émergence de thèmes de plus en plus liés la démonstration que l'aquaculture peut s'intégrer dans détruire (capacité de charge d'un écosystème, animaux échappés, etc) et à la perception de la société (perception du consommateur, aquaculture et société, position des ONG écologistes, etc). L'U.E. était très présente avec 5 représentants et une implication marquée dans de plusieurs sessions. Sous différentes formes, ses représentants ont rappelé la volonté de l'UE de continuer à soutenir l'aquaculture, avec l'objectif de poursuivre le développement de ce secteur (4 % de croissance moyenne par an). L'aquaculture devrait générer 8 à 10 000 emplois nouveaux sur les 15 prochaines années, notamment dans la conchyliculture et la pisciculture marine au large avec comme mot clef l'intégration dans l'environnement, dans le tissu socio-économique côtier et dans l'imaginaire des gens, touristes, consommateurs, élus, etc. Ce congrès à vocation mondiale a attiré des représentants de régions habituellement peu représentées comme le Moyen Orient et la Chine, présente à de nombreuses sessions. Il a été aussi le lieu de multiples réunions satellites impliquant presque toujours des chercheurs français: grands programmes européens en cours comme SeaFood+, ASEM (coop. Europe - Asie) ou Consensus, assemblée générale de l'EAS, groupe de travail de l'UICN, etc. Ce type de réunion confirme l'importance des contacts personnels directs pour 1. Evaluer les grandes tendances mondiales du secteur 2. Etablir des contacts directs avec des chercheurs seniors des grandes équipes de recherche et des décideurs au niveau européen et extra-européen 3. Tester des idées et des projets de collaboration et de partenariat Il constitue un forum exceptionnel de diffusion de connaissances, d'informations et de messages. Il offre un espace de perception et de reconnaissance d'Ifremer par de nombreux acteurs de la communauté de recherche en aquaculture. Grâce à la variété thématique des sessions où des chercheurs d'Ifremer sont actifs, l'institut renforce sa notoriété notamment dans la dimension pluridisciplinaire. Cette capacité d'ensemblier est la qualité la plus demandée dans les conclusions d'ateliers et la plus rare dans les instituts présents. Le congrès révèle bien l'évolution de l'aquaculture mondiale: il y a 10 ans, la production de masse était au Sud et la technologie et les marchés au Nord (USA, Europe, Japon). Aujourd'hui, la progression économique et scientifique rapide des pays du Sud, surtout en Asie, crée des marchés locaux .solvables pour l'aquaculture (Chine, Inde) et fait émerger une capacité de recherche « de masse». Cette situation exige que la recherche occidentale évolue pour rester compétitive. Pour préserver un secteur important, qui concourt à la sécurité alimentaire en protéines de manière croissante (4% par an, record de toutes les productions alimentaires), la recherche européenne en aquaculture doit maintenir son effort afin de garder une longueur d'avance, surtout dans les secteurs qui seront vitaux dans la décennie: relations avec l'environnement naturel (durabilité dont la maîtrise des coûts énergétiques), qualité des produits, sécurité alimentaire, intégration socio-économique dans des espaces de plus en plus convoités, maîtrise de l'image de l'espèce « cultivée» (industrielle mais contrôlée) par rapport à l'image de l'espèce « sauvage» (naturelle mais polluée et surexploitée). En conséquence, l'UE conserve tout son potentiel de développement car l'essentiel de la valeur ajoutée sera de moins en moins dans la production en quantité mais dans sa maîtrise de la qualité. Cette évolution donne toute sa valeur à la recherche menée par Ifremer et ce d'autant plus que l'institut sera capable d'anticiper les besoins et les attentes des entreprises, des consommateurs, des associations comme des organisations internationales. Dans cette vision, réactivité, capacité d'ensemblier et réflexion prospective sont les qualités à développer pour que l'lfremer puisse donner toute sa mesure notamment dans la recherche en aquaculture. Ces enjeux sont à l'échelle internationale et Ifremer fait partie du petit nombre d'instituts capables de les traiter en large partenariat, en accord complet avec la politique souhaitée par l'UE

Antimicrobial Compounds from Eukaryotic Microalgae against Human Pathogens and Diseases in Aquaculture

The search for novel compounds of marine origin has increased in the last decades for their application in various areas such as pharmaceutical, human or animal nutrition, cosmetics or bioenergy. In this context of blue technology development, microalgae are of particular interest due to their immense biodiversity and their relatively simple growth needs. In this review, we discuss about the promising use of microalgae and microalgal compounds as sources of natural antibiotics against human pathogens but also about their potential to limit microbial infections in aquaculture. An alternative to conventional antibiotics is needed as the microbial resistance to these drugs is increasing in humans and animals. Furthermore, using natural antibiotics for livestock could meet the consumer demand to avoid chemicals in food, would support a sustainable aquaculture and present the advantage of being environmentally friendly. Using natural and renewable microalgal compounds is still in its early days, but considering the important research development and rapid improvement in culture, extraction and purification processes, the valorization of microalgae will surely extend in the future.