Les petites pêches côtières et estuariennes Françaises du sud du golfe de Gascogne. Typologie des flottilles et approche socio-économique et commerciale

The European contract PECOSUDE (Small inshore fisheries of the south of Europe) accepted in 2000 for 2 years concerns French, Spanish and Portuguese partners. The aim is to assess the inshore and estuarine fisheries from Loire estuary to Portugal. Three levels of study are considered : fisheries (data 1999), socioeconomy and marketing (data 1999 or 2000). Exploitation in the 12 miles area for France and on continental shelf for northern Spain and Portugal (within 1000 m depth), as well as the fishing period lower than 96 hours was determined as the definition of this fishery for the study. Socioeconomic analyses are made only on boats smaller than 15 m. The fisheries part analyses the activity of the fishing vessels taking into account gears used, landed species, areas and fishing seasons. Within the 39 harbours of the south Bay of Biscay 1 799 coastal or estuarine vessels with 3 580 fishermen are located. Statics gears are predominant, and more than half of the vessels are polyvalent (using several gears). In 1999, landings were 20 6441 weight for 84 M¿ value. The fishing activity of these boats was also analysed by typology of the fleet, based on fishing gears and/or species landed. These characterisations allowed the application of stratified sampling for the implementation of socioeconomic investigations. The analysis of the information received from the fishermen allow to describe the production factors, to estimate their costs, as well as the turnover, the richness creation and the efficiency of the production means. The capital value of the south Bay of Biscay " ship " is established about 94 k¿, the average turnover amount to 83 k¿ and the average rate of added value to 70%. Products commercialisation vary from component to component, the importance of the sells in auction places depends on the landed species. Some valuable species are directly sold to particular

Ecophysiologie de la maturation sexuelle et de la ponte de l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : réponses métaboliques (respiration) et alimentaires (filtration, absorption) en fonction des différents stades de maturation

The study of maturation and spawning of the oyster is part of a research program to investigate the summer mortalities of the oysters, Crassostrea gigas in Marennes-Oléron Bay. Four maturity stages were simultaneously obtained by diet and thermal conditioning (immature, low maturation, mature and post-spawning stages). Measurements of clearance, filtration, absorption and respiration rates allowed a calculation of the scope for growth and hence an estimation of the oyster's energetic budget at various maturity stages. Male and female oysters had similar physiological responses. The filtration rate ranged from 2.4 to 2.6 1.h(-1) at the early stages of maturation and decreased to 1.8 1.h.' during the maturity stage. Growth rate resulting from gonad development did not induce filtration rate changes. Mature 2.5 and 1.5-year-old oysters showed a negative energy budget reaching -15 and -90 J.h(-1) respectively. By contrast, non-ripe oysters had scope for growth in the range 110 to 170 J.h(-1). A negative energy budget during the high maturation stage resulted from a reduced absorption efficiency. A new allometric relationship for the respiration model of C. gigas was defined during vitellogenesis with a 0.574 coefficient value. Based on Our results, the oyster's physiological weakness during vitellogenesis should be considered as a part of explanation for spring and summer mortalities of cultured oysters in Marennes-Oléron Bay.

Ecophysiologie de la maturation sexuelle et de la ponte de l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : réponses métaboliques (respiration) et alimentaires (filtration, absorption) en fonction des différents stades de maturation

The study of sexual maturation and spawning in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is part of a vast research programme that endeavours to understand the causes of mortality that occur sporadically during the spring and summer seasons in the Marennes-Oléron Bay. Thermal and diet conditioning were used to obtain oysters at each stage of maturity simultaneously. Using the measured rates of clearance, consumption, absorption and respiration provided estimates of growth potential and gave the energetic budget of oysters at different stages of sexual maturity. Physiological responses were similar for males and females. Filtration decreased from 2.4 to 2.6 l.h (-1) to 1.8 l.h (-1) with increasing maturity. Weight gain was associated with gonad development and did not appear to have an effect on the clearance rate. Oysters 2.5 years old showed a negative energy budget (-15 J h (-1)) at later maturity stages. This deficit was confirmed (90 J.h (-1)) in oysters 1.5 years old at the same stage of maturity. On the contrary, immature oysters, in the early stages of maturity or post-spawning, had a growth potential of 110 to 170 J.h (-1). The energy deficit observed at later stages of maturity was primarily due to absorption, which decreased sharply during peak gametogenesis. Using measured respiration rates, an allometric relationship specific to gonad growth was determined with a coefficient of 0.574. Low physiological performance of oysters, observed at later stages of sexual maturity, must be taken into account in research on the factors responsible for spring and summer mortalities affecting oyster farms in Marennes-Oléron.

Incertitudes des méthodes d’évaluation « eaux littorales » : utilisation de modèles linéaires dynamiques pour l’évaluation des incertitudes (chlorophylle a, phytoplancton)

L’incertitude associée à une mesure a pour origine d’une part la variabilité environnementale et d’autre part l’ensemble du processus d’acquisition depuis le prélèvement jusqu’à la saisie de la donnée dans une base. L’estimation de l'ensemble de cette variabilité est un exercice complexe à réaliser dans le cadre d’un plan d’expérience. En revanche, les séries temporelles présentent la caractéristique d’intégrer toutes les variabilités et ainsi l’analyse de ces séries en terme de signal et bruit doit permettre de quantifier l’amplitude des incertitudes. Toutefois, les séries temporelles d’observation présentent un ensemble de caractéristiques les rendant difficiles à analyser. Les modèles linaires dynamiques constituent une approche adaptée à ces données particulières en faisant l’hypothèse de paramètres variables dans le temps. Ainsi, l’objet du présent travail consiste à estimer les variances liées au processus d’observation à l’aide de modèles linéaires dynamiques. Plus particulièrement, les mesures considérées sont la chlorophylle a et l’abondance phytoplanctonique aux lieux de surveillance REPHY « Arcachon-Bouée- 7 » et « Teychan bis ». Les résultats montrent que pour la chlorophylle a, la variabilité d’observation est responsable de l’ordre de 80 % de la variabilité totale. Pour l’abondance phytoplanctonique, elle est également de 80 % à « Arcachon-Bouée 7 » mais de l’ordre de 70 % à « Teychan bis ». Ainsi la part de « bruit » est liée au lieu et au paramètre considéré. Exprimée en pourcentage de la médiane de la chlorophylle a, la variance d’observation place les bornes de l’intervalle de confiance à 95 % des observations à des valeurs de l’ordre de -40 % et +120 % de la médiane, l’intervalle étant sous estimé car ne prenant pas en compte la variabilité structurelle. Pour l’abondance phytoplanctonique en log10 cell./L, les ordres de grandeur correspondant en pourcentage de la moyenne sont de ± 13.5 %. Pour les deux paramètres, ces valeurs sont compatibles avec l’expérience des experts. Ainsi, l’approche mise en oeuvre s’est avérée riche d’enseignements en matière d’incertitude de mesure et les nombreuses améliorations méthodologiques envisagées ouvrent des perspectives fécondes à tout point de vue.