Etude écologique de projet. Site de Flamanville. 1er cycle. Traitements mathématiques, Rapport général, Annexes

The study of a first annual hydrobiological cycle on the site of Flamanville was carried out through 19 campaigns conducted between July 76 and June 77. Twelve of them are considered as "heavy" and took place on the following dates: July 8th, 76; August 6th, September 4th, October 3rd, November 3rd, December 16th, January 5th, 77; February 2nd, March 3rd, April 14th, May 10th and May 24th. Seven campaigns consist only in one sample July 23rd, 76; August 21st, September 16th, November 19th, January 19th, 77; February 17th and June 16th. However, some variables which had not been measured during these "light" missions have not been taken into account for the analysis. A first global analysis groups together the first ten campaigns (in May, the nutritive salts had not been measured) and presents the annual variations of nine parameters: temperature, salinity, oxygen, nitrates (N0 3), nitrites (N0 2), phosphates (P0 4), silicates (Si0 2), chlorophyll and pheopigments. A second study of the annual hydrobiological cycle includes all campaigns but only five variables: temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll and pheopigments.

Directive Cadre sur l’Eau : les pressions anthropiques et leur impact sur les indicateurs de l’état écologique des masses d’eau littorales de la façade Manche-Atlantique. Synthèse bibliographique

Within the European water framework directive (WFD), the status assessment of littoral waters is based both on the chemical quality and on the ecological quality of each water body. Quality elements enabling to assess the ecological status of a water body are, among other things, biological quality elements (phytoplankton, macroalgae, angiosperms, benthic invertebrates, fish), for each of which the member states have developed quantitative indicators. This document is one of the deliverables of a multi-annual study intended to characterize the sensitivity of these biological indicators towards the various anthropogenic pressures exerted on the French Atlantic and Channel coast: ultimately, the goal is to establish a quantitative and predictive relationship, statistically robust, between the WFD indicators used along the French channel and Atlantic coastline, and various anthropogenic pressures acting on these coasts. The aim of the WFD is indeed to restore or maintain a good chemical and biological quality of coastal waters, and thus to limit the impact of human activities potentially responsible for the degradation of ecosystems. This understanding of the linkages and interactions existing between anthropogenic pressures and ecological status of water bodies is therefore essential to identify priorities for action (challenges, substances ...), prioritize actions to implement within restoration programs (technical, fiscal, financial), but also to be able to communicate constructively and persuasively in talks between managers and the various stakeholders of coastal regions. Using the DPSIR methodology, this literature analysis has permitted to identify, for each WFD biological quality element (except fish), which pressures (or pressure types) are potentially relevant in the light of their impact on the indicators of the ecological status of water bodies. Some metrics and indicators of anthropogenic pressures used in the literature to characterize the sensitivity of the biological quality elements, within quantitative approaches, were also identified. It is also clear from this review that the biological quality elements can be particularly sensitive to intrinsic environmental conditions, and therefore to certain changes related to natural phenomena occurring at large scales (e.g. climate change, paroxysmal climate episode...). Therefore, when one is interested in the sensitivity of biological indicators to different anthropogenic pressures, two factors can complicate the analysis and are likely to weaken the resulting statistical relationships: on the one hand, the variability of biological responses depending on the natural context and, on the other hand, interactions (so called synergistic effects) between different types of anthropogenic pressures and the alterations they can generate.