Formulation and analysis of a diffusion-velocity particle model for transport-dispersion equations

The modelling of diffusive terms in particle methods is a delicate matter and several models were proposed in the literature to take such terms into account. The diffusion velocity method (DVM), originally designed for the diffusion of passive scalars, turns diffusive terms into convective ones by expressing them as a divergence involving a so-called diffusion velocity. In this paper, DVM is extended to the diffusion of vectorial quantities in the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations, in their incompressible, velocity–vorticity formulation. The integration of a large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model is investigated and a DVM general formulation is proposed. Either with or without LES, a novel expression of the diffusion velocity is derived, which makes it easier to approximate and which highlights the analogy with the original formulation for scalar transport. From this statement, DVM is then analysed in one dimension, both analytically and numerically on test cases to point out its good behaviour.

Relations entre apports terrigènes et conchyliculture dans les Pertuis Charentais

This work presents interactions between quantitative and qualitative river freshwater inputs and the shellfish farming (oyster and mussel) in the Pertuis Charentais. The quantity of freshwater (i.e. salinity) seems to have a weak influence on the shellfish farming contrarily to its quality determined by particulate and dissolved matters contained in the water. In autumn and winter, large precipitations have a "globally positive" effect amending the coastal ecosystem. Associated dissolved nutriments and the organic matter largely determine the quality of the coming spring growth for bred shellfish, itself controlling in turn the annual yield efficiencies. However, in winter their effects are postponed because of strong mineral load, low luminosity and temperature, then limiting the primary production. The spring contributions, directly linked to territorial practices, agriculture and tourism are more variable in quantity and quality from one year to another. They often correspond to high-risk inflows since numerous substances from anthropogenic watersheds can be found diluted in the coastal zone as in the Pertuis Charentais. Their impacts on in situ estuarine ecosystems are still poorly known since these substances are mainly studied and estimated in laboratory in controlled conditions. Several studies showed anthropogenic contaminations (i.e. cadmium, pesticides) could have significant direct or indirect effects on shellfish farming. For instance, the "summer" mortalities between 1990 and 2000 in the South of the Marennes-Oléron bay (MOB), that induced environmental and physiological oyster disorders, could be linked to pesticide effects, measured during consecutive years on the oyster bed of Ronce Perquis in the South of the MOB. The weak results from the spring larval rearing of the IFREMER experimental hatchery in the South of the bay, and chromosomal abnormalities measured on the stocks of wild oysters of the Pertuis could confirm a high-risk spring environment for the shellfish farming. In summer terrestrial inputs are reduced by low precipitations, anthropogenic water removals (drinking water, irrigation) and by plant evapotranspiration. Consequently certain years, a significant salinity increase in water masses of the Pertuis Charentais is observed. However, based on long-term observations, the significant interannual variability noticed in freshwater contributions constitutes one of the most important facts of these last years. When contributions are weak (i.e. 1991 and 2011), the mean annual salinity is 34.5 in the MOB. To the contrary, other years (i.e. 1977, 1981, 1983 and 1988), the mean salinity reduced to 30.5 shows the significant freshwater contributions to the bay. Elsewhere, particularly in the mediterranean region, oyster breeding water conditions characterized by high salinity values show the freshwater does not seem to be necessary for biological functions of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Indeed, the oyster embryonic life in particular is well adapted to high salinity values as long as trophic resources are substantial and temperatures remain high. These two factors firstly condition the embryonic survival before the water salinity. Besides, in the Pertuis Charentais, wind conditions and the geographical bloodstock position rather determine the success of the larvae capture than seawater physic-chemical conditions. Finally, a misunderstanding still remains on summer freshwater contributions to the oyster larvae food supply.

How essential are Argo observations to constrain a global ocean data assimilation system?

Observing system experiments (OSEs) are carried out over a 1-year period to quantify the impact of Argo observations on the Mercator Ocean 0.25° global ocean analysis and forecasting system. The reference simulation assimilates sea surface temperature (SST), SSALTO/DUACS (Segment Sol multi-missions dALTimetrie, d'orbitographie et de localisation précise/Data unification and Altimeter combination system) altimeter data and Argo and other in situ observations from the Coriolis data center. Two other simulations are carried out where all Argo and half of the Argo data are withheld. Assimilating Argo observations has a significant impact on analyzed and forecast temperature and salinity fields at different depths. Without Argo data assimilation, large errors occur in analyzed fields as estimated from the differences when compared with in situ observations. For example, in the 0–300 m layer RMS (root mean square) differences between analyzed fields and observations reach 0.25 psu and 1.25 °C in the western boundary currents and 0.1 psu and 0.75 °C in the open ocean. The impact of the Argo data in reducing observation–model forecast differences is also significant from the surface down to a depth of 2000 m. Differences between in situ observations and forecast fields are thus reduced by 20 % in the upper layers and by up to 40 % at a depth of 2000 m when Argo data are assimilated. At depth, the most impacted regions in the global ocean are the Mediterranean outflow, the Gulf Stream region and the Labrador Sea. A significant degradation can be observed when only half of the data are assimilated. Therefore, Argo observations matter to constrain the model solution, even for an eddy-permitting model configuration. The impact of the Argo floats' data assimilation on other model variables is briefly assessed: the improvement of the fit to Argo profiles do not lead globally to unphysical corrections on the sea surface temperature and sea surface height. The main conclusion is that the performance of the Mercator Ocean 0.25° global data assimilation system is heavily dependent on the availability of Argo data.

ECOSCOPA. Evaluer la qualité des écosystèmes conchylicoles en lien avec les pressions climatiques et anthropiques. Rapport annuel campagne 2015

Le réseau ECOSCOPA, co-financé par la DPMA, a pour objectif de développer un outil permettant de mesurer, à plusieurs échelles, des paramètres environnementaux et biologiques en lien avec la croissance et la survie d’huîtres creuses en élevage. Sur l’année 2015 et afin de préparer de façon concertée ce projet, il a été proposé dans un premier temps de renforcer la synergie existante entre les réseaux RESCO et VELYGER afin de disposer d’un suivi proactif du cycle complet de production de l’huître (incluant le captage, la croissance, la reproduction, les éventuelles mortalités) à partir d’animaux communs sur différents sites ateliers, en lien avec l’acquisition de descripteurs environnementaux et physiologiques susceptibles d’influencer chacune de ces traits de vie. En complément du fonctionnement des réseaux VELYGER et RESCO II, le projet ECOSCOPA a donc pris en charge le dispositif de déploiement et de suivi bimensuel d’huîtres sentinelles sur 6 sites (Arcachon, Marennes Oléron, Baie de Bourgneuf, Rade de Brest, Etang de Thau, Rivière de Pénerf). Plus précisément, ECOSCOPA a suivi les paramètres biologiques de survie et de croissance, sur ces six sites ateliers. Les huîtres sentinelles(identiques à celles utilisées par le réseau RESCO II) correspondant à 3 classes d’âge d’huîtres creuses (« 6 mois », « 18 mois » et « 30 mois ») ont été déployées et suivies de manière synchrone sur l’ensemble des sites, selon le même calendrier que celui établie pour RESCO II. Les descripteurs environnementaux ont été obtenus grâce à des enregistrements en haute fréquence de la température, de la pression et de la salinité, réalisés sur l'ensemble des 6 sites au moyen de sondes SMATCH permettant la transmission en temps réel de ces paramètres sur un serveur dédié. La totalité des sites ateliers équipés avec ce type de sondes, en complément des sondes de type STPS prévues par le réseau RESCO II, apermis d'assurer une prise de données sans discontinuité pendant les opérations d'entretien.Les données sur les populations phytoplanctoniques ont été acquises grâce aux points de suivi du réseau REPHY là où ces points existent. Des prélèvements additionnels ont été réalisés dans le cas contraire via des partenaires extérieurs. Enfin, des descripteurs physiologiques ont été acquis dans cette étude afin de qualifier le statut physiologique de l’huître en lien avec les variations de l’environnement. Plus précisément, une étude spécifique permettant d’approfondir les résultats acquis dans le cadre de l’expérimentation PHYSITU en 2014, a été réalisée. En effet, dans cette étude, des mesures d’expression de gènes impliqués dans la réponse des naissains aux mortalités ont été réalisées afin de qualifier l’évolution du statut physiologique de l’huître avant, pendant, et après les mortalités. Cette action a permis, entre autre, d’identifier 4 gènes d’intérêt, dont l’expression varie significativement selon les périodes avant et après mortalité. L’action ECOSCOPA a donc pris en charge la poursuite de cette étude afin de tester l’intérêt de ces marqueurs en tant qu’indicateur précoce de la réponse de l’huître face aux agents pathogènes, et de valider si ces marqueurs pourraient être utilisés à plus large échelle pour la surveillance de la qualité des écosystèmes côtiers.

Directive Cadre sur l’Eau : les pressions anthropiques et leur impact sur les indicateurs de l’état écologique des masses d’eau littorales de la façade Manche-Atlantique. Synthèse bibliographique

Within the European water framework directive (WFD), the status assessment of littoral waters is based both on the chemical quality and on the ecological quality of each water body. Quality elements enabling to assess the ecological status of a water body are, among other things, biological quality elements (phytoplankton, macroalgae, angiosperms, benthic invertebrates, fish), for each of which the member states have developed quantitative indicators. This document is one of the deliverables of a multi-annual study intended to characterize the sensitivity of these biological indicators towards the various anthropogenic pressures exerted on the French Atlantic and Channel coast: ultimately, the goal is to establish a quantitative and predictive relationship, statistically robust, between the WFD indicators used along the French channel and Atlantic coastline, and various anthropogenic pressures acting on these coasts. The aim of the WFD is indeed to restore or maintain a good chemical and biological quality of coastal waters, and thus to limit the impact of human activities potentially responsible for the degradation of ecosystems. This understanding of the linkages and interactions existing between anthropogenic pressures and ecological status of water bodies is therefore essential to identify priorities for action (challenges, substances ...), prioritize actions to implement within restoration programs (technical, fiscal, financial), but also to be able to communicate constructively and persuasively in talks between managers and the various stakeholders of coastal regions. Using the DPSIR methodology, this literature analysis has permitted to identify, for each WFD biological quality element (except fish), which pressures (or pressure types) are potentially relevant in the light of their impact on the indicators of the ecological status of water bodies. Some metrics and indicators of anthropogenic pressures used in the literature to characterize the sensitivity of the biological quality elements, within quantitative approaches, were also identified. It is also clear from this review that the biological quality elements can be particularly sensitive to intrinsic environmental conditions, and therefore to certain changes related to natural phenomena occurring at large scales (e.g. climate change, paroxysmal climate episode...). Therefore, when one is interested in the sensitivity of biological indicators to different anthropogenic pressures, two factors can complicate the analysis and are likely to weaken the resulting statistical relationships: on the one hand, the variability of biological responses depending on the natural context and, on the other hand, interactions (so called synergistic effects) between different types of anthropogenic pressures and the alterations they can generate.

Projet EMACOP : caractérisation des vagues et du potentiel houlomoteur des sites d’Esquibien et de Saint-Guénolé par simulation numérique

The French research EMACOP project aims at characterising wave power nearby onshore structures. This paper presents the application of the non-hydrostatic wave-flow model SWASH to wave propagation and transformation on two hot spots in Brittany. The numerical simulations were performed for dominant wave conditions and three tide levels. The results of wave simulations allow us to characterise wave energy resources and define Wave Energy Converters (WEC)'s promising positions on both sites.