Sources de variation intra-populationelle de la morphologie des otolithes: asymétrie directionnelle et régime alimentaire

Otoliths are calcified structures located in Osteichthyes’ inner ear that are involved in audition and balance. Their morphology is used as an indicator of various ecological processes or properties. This application requires identifying the endogenous and exogenous factors that act simultaneously as sources of shape variation. This thesis aims at detecting and quantifying the relative contributions of directional asymmetry and diet to otolith shape variation at the intra-population level. Directional asymmetry between left and right otoliths was found in flat-fishes, the blind-side otolith being always longer and larger, whereas it was negligible in round-fishes. However, asymmetry amplitude never exceeded 18 %, which suggests evolutionary canalization of otolith shape symmetry. A correlation between global diet and otolith was detected in 4 species studied in situ. Diet composition contributed more than food amount to morphological variation and affected otolith shape both globally and locally. An experimental study on sea bass (Dicentrarchus larbrax) showed that diet composition in terms of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids at larval stage affects otolith morphogenesis during juvenile stage without impacting on individuals’ somatic growth. This result suggests a direct effect of diet on otolith shape and not an indirect one through the somatic-otolith growth relationship. This effect disappeared at later stages, morphogenetic trajectories converging back to a similar shape, which suggests ontogenetic canalization of otolith shape.

PECHTRAD 2014 - Description et analyse des données de pêches traditionnelles à pied sur les platiers récifaux de la Réserve Nationale Marine de La Réunion.

This study aimed to build two databases, the first on the historic effort and catches of the traditional small-scale fisheries from 1999 till 2014, and the second one on the traditional management of fishing licenses. The first database allows for a synthetic analysis of the results obtained on the fishing activities of beach-seine, fishing rod and on octopuses, in terms of effort and catch per area and year. Technical and scientific supports were supplied implementing survey protocols and supervision of a student, both within the framework of the small-scale traditional fisheries. The study supported traditional fishermen with the mediation process for regulation revisions for the fishing activities in the MPA areas.

Les petites pêches côtières et estuariennes Françaises du sud du golfe de Gascogne. Typologie des flottilles et approche socio-économique et commerciale

The European contract PECOSUDE (Small inshore fisheries of the south of Europe) accepted in 2000 for 2 years concerns French, Spanish and Portuguese partners. The aim is to assess the inshore and estuarine fisheries from Loire estuary to Portugal. Three levels of study are considered : fisheries (data 1999), socioeconomy and marketing (data 1999 or 2000). Exploitation in the 12 miles area for France and on continental shelf for northern Spain and Portugal (within 1000 m depth), as well as the fishing period lower than 96 hours was determined as the definition of this fishery for the study. Socioeconomic analyses are made only on boats smaller than 15 m. The fisheries part analyses the activity of the fishing vessels taking into account gears used, landed species, areas and fishing seasons. Within the 39 harbours of the south Bay of Biscay 1 799 coastal or estuarine vessels with 3 580 fishermen are located. Statics gears are predominant, and more than half of the vessels are polyvalent (using several gears). In 1999, landings were 20 6441 weight for 84 M¿ value. The fishing activity of these boats was also analysed by typology of the fleet, based on fishing gears and/or species landed. These characterisations allowed the application of stratified sampling for the implementation of socioeconomic investigations. The analysis of the information received from the fishermen allow to describe the production factors, to estimate their costs, as well as the turnover, the richness creation and the efficiency of the production means. The capital value of the south Bay of Biscay " ship " is established about 94 k¿, the average turnover amount to 83 k¿ and the average rate of added value to 70%. Products commercialisation vary from component to component, the importance of the sells in auction places depends on the landed species. Some valuable species are directly sold to particular

Bilan des résultats du dispositif de vigilance pour les phycotoxines lipophiles - Année 2015

L’Ifremer est chargé d’apporter à l’État et aux autres personnes morales de droit public son concours pour l’exercice de leurs responsabilités notamment pour le contrôle de la qualité des produits de la mer et du milieu marin. La mise en œuvre d’un Réseau d'Observation et de Surveillance du Phytoplancton et des Phycotoxines (REPHY) depuis sa création en 1984, répond à cette mission et le concours apporté à l’Administration Centrale se concrétise en un soutien aux autorités publiques dont la Direction Générale de l’Alimentation (DGAL) du Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt (MAAF), pour ce qui concerne l’application de la réglementation relative au suivi de la salubrité des zones de production de coquillages. Un changement majeur dans la stratégie de surveillance réglementaire des toxines lipophiles est intervenu au 1er janvier 2010, avec le remplacement du bio-essai sur souris par une analyse chimique en CL-SM/SM. Afin de mettre en évidence d’éventuelles substances toxiques non détectables via l'analyse chimique des toxines lipophiles répertoriées, la surveillance réglementaire a été complété à la même date par un dispositif de vigilance basé sur un réseau de lieux de prélèvement (points de vigilance), sur lesquels une stratégie d'échantillonnage spécifique est appliquée, avec prélèvements mensuels systématiques de mollusques qui font l’objet à la fois d’une analyse chimique des toxines lipophiles en CL-SM/SM et d’un test sur souris. Suite à la mise en place de ce dispositif de vigilance en 2010, certaines évolutions ont été appliquées les années suivantes. Ce rapport présente les évolutions apportées au dispositif, les résultats obtenus en 2015 et les évolutions proposées pour 2016.