Exposure to toxic Alexandrium minutum activates the detoxifying and antioxidant systems in gills of the oyster Crassostrea gigas

Harmful algal blooms of Alexandrium spp. dinoflagellates regularly occur in French coastal waters contaminating shellfish. Studies have demonstrated that toxic Alexandrium spp. disrupt behavioural and physiological processes in marine filter-feeders, but molecular modifications triggered by phycotoxins are less well understood. This study analyzed the mRNA levels of 7 genes encoding antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes in gills of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) exposed to a cultured, toxic strain of A. minutum, a producer of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) or fed Tisochrysis lutea (T. lutea, formerly Isochrysis sp., clone Tahitian (T. iso)), a non-toxic control diet, in four repeated experiments. Transcript levels of sigma-class glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and ferritin (Fer) were significantly higher in oysters exposed to A. minutum compared to oysters fed T. lutea. The detoxification pathway based upon glutathione (GSH)-conjugation of toxic compounds (phase II) is likely activated, and catalyzed by GST. This system appeared to be activated in gills probably for the detoxification of PST and/or extra-cellular compounds, produced by A. minutum. GST, GR and Fer can also contribute to antioxidant functions to prevent cellular damage from increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) originating either from A. minutum cells directly, from oyster hemocytes during immune response, or from other gill cells as by-products of detoxification.

Rapid detection and quantification of the marine toxic algae, Alexandrium minutum, using a super-paramagnetic immunochromatographic strip test

The dinoflagellates of Alexandrium genus are known to be producers of paralytic shellfish toxins that regularly impact the shellfish aquaculture industry and fisheries. Accurate detection of Alexandrium including A. minutum is crucial for environmental monitoring and sanitary issues. In this study, we firstly developed a quantitative lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) using super-paramagnetic nanobeads for A. minutum whole cells. This dipstick assay relies on two distinct monoclonal antibodies used in a sandwich format and directed against surface antigens of this organism. No sample preparation is required. Either frozen or live cells can be detected and quantified. The specificity and sensitivity are assessed by using phytoplankton culture and field samples spiked with a known amount of cultured A. minutum cells. This LFIA is shown to be highly specific for A. minutum and able to detect reproducibly 105 cells/L within 30 min. The test is applied to environmental samples already characterized by light microscopy counting. No significant difference is observed between the cell densities obtained by these two methods. This handy super-paramagnetic lateral flow immnunoassay biosensor can greatly assist water quality monitoring programs as well as ecological research.

Changes in the annual harmful algal blooms of Alexandrium minutum : effects of environmental conditions and drainage basin inputs in the Rance estuary (Brittany, France)

Time series of physico-chemical data and concentrations (cell L-1) of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum collected in the Rance macrotidal estuary (Brittany, France) were analyzed to understand the physico-chemical processes of the estuary and their relation to changes in bloom development from 1996 to 2009. The construction of the tidal power plant in the north and the presence of a lock in the south have greatly altered hydrodynamics, blocking the zone of maximum turbidity upstream, in the narrowest part of the estuary. Alexandrium minutum occurs in the middle part of the estuary. Most physical and chemical parameters of the Rance estuary are similar to those observed elsewhere in Brittany with water temperatures between 15–18 °C, slightly lowered salinities (31.8–33.1 PSU), low river flow rates upstream and significant solar radiation (8 h day-1). A notable exception is phosphate input from the drainage basin which seems to limit bloom development: in recent years, bloom decline can be significantly correlated with the decrease in phosphate input. On the other hand, the chemical processes occurring in the freshwater-saltwater interface do not seem to have an influence on these occurrences. The other hypotheses for bloom declines are discussed, including the prevalence of parasitism, but remain to be verified in further studies.

β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and isomers: Distribution in different food web compartments of Thau lagoon, French Mediterranean Sea

The neurotoxin BMAA (β-N-methylamino-l-alanine) and its isomer DAB (2,4-diaminobutyric acid) have been detected in seafood worldwide, including in Thau lagoon (French Mediterranean Sea). A cluster of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease associated with BMAA, has also been observed in this region. Mussels, periphyton (i.e. biofilms attached to mussels) and plankton were sampled between July 2013 and October 2014, and analyzed using HILIC-MS/MS. BMAA, DAB and AEG (N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine) were found in almost all the samples of the lagoon. BMAA and DAB were present at 0.58 and 0.83, 2.6 and 3.3, 4.0 and 7.2 μg g−1 dry weight in plankton collected with nets, periphyton and mussels, respectively. Synechococcus sp., Ostreococcus tauri, Alexandrium catenella and eight species of diatoms were cultured and screened for BMAA and analogs. While Synechococcus sp., O. tauri and A. catenella did not produce BMAA under our culture conditions, four diatoms species contained both BMAA and DAB. Hence, diatoms may be a source of BMAA for mussels. Unlike other toxins produced by microalgae, BMAA and DAB were detected in significant amounts in tissues other than digestive glands in mussels.

Qualité du milieu marin littoral

1-Inroduction générale (Extraits). L'IFREMER exerce de longue date des tâches de surveillance et de contrôle de la qualité du milieu marin et de ses ressources. Certaines de ces tâches le sont de façon très organisée et systématique, couvrant "en réseau" l'ensemble du littoral français. Le présent ouvrage dresse le bilan des résultats obtenus par trois de ces réseaux, en vue d'évaluer la qualité actuelle des eaux littorales, mission à laquelle ils sont dédiés : le Réseau National d'Observation de la Qualité du Milieu Marin (RNO), le réseau de surveillance du phytoplancton (REPHY) et le réseau de surveillance microbiologique (REMI ). Le RNO a été mis en place en 1974 par le Ministère de l'Environnement avec pour premier objectif l'évaluation des niveaux et des tendances des polluants et des paramètres généraux de la qualité du milieu marin. Mais cette activité ne peut se concevoir sans une surveillance des effets biologiques de la qualité du milieu. Ce deuxième objectif de surveillance vise à évaluer l'état de santé de la flore et de la faune marines par la mesure de la réponse de ces organismes à des perturbations de la qualité du milieu. Il a été introduit en 1987 dans les programmes du RNO. Toutefois, les résultats n'en sont encore que préliminaires et ne sont pas présentés ici. La création du REPHY a fait suite aux intoxications par les coquillages observées en 1983. Ce réseau fait le suivi des populations phytoplanctoniques, de leurs perturbations et de l'apparition d'espèces toxiques pour l'homme ou pour les animaux marins. Dès 1984, la majeure partie du littoral faisait l'objet de cette surveillance. Quant au REMI , il évalue les niveaux et les tendances de la contamination microbiologique du milieu et plus spécialement des zones de production conchylicole. Il résulte de la réorganisation opérée en 1989 des activités de contrôle de la salubrité des coquillages menées par l'IFREMER. Cette réorganisation a eu pour objectif de permettre une appréciation plus globale de la qualité microbiologique du milieu, tout en fournissant les éléments contribuant à la protection du consommateur. Les résultats de surveillance du mi lieu portent au total sur une vingtaine de paramètres qui définissent plusieurs types de qualité environnementale : qualité générale des masses d'eaux par la température, la salinité, les sels nutritifs (nitrate, phosphate ... ), la chlorophylle ; contamination du milieu par des métaux (mercure, cadmium, plomb ... ) et des composés organiques toxiques (PCB, pesticides ... ), mesurés dans certains organismes sentinelles (moule, huître ... ) ; fréquence d'apparition dans les masses d'eaux d'espèces phytoplanctoniques toxiques représentées ici par Dinophysis et Alexandrium, et risques de toxicité effective des coquillages ; contamination du milieu par les bactéries d'origine terrestre, représentées ici par les coliformes fécaux mesurés dans les moules et les huîtres. …