Microstructure and tensile properties of carbon-epoxy laminates produced by automated fibre placement: Influence of a caul plate on the effects of gap and overlap embedded defects

Automated fibre placement (AFP) enables the trajectory of unidirectional composite tape to be optimized, but laying down complex shapes with this technology can result in the introduction of defects. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the influence of gaps and overlaps on the microstructure and tensile properties of carbon-epoxy laminates. First, a comparison between a hand-layup and AFP layup, draped and cured under the same conditions, shows equivalent microstructures and tensile properties. This provides the reference values for the study. Then, gap and overlap embedded defects (more or less severe) are introduced during manufacturing, on two cross-ply layups [(0°/(90°)5/0°] and [(90°/0°)2/90°]. Autoclave cure without a caul plate results in local thickness variation and microstructural changes which depend on the defect type. This has a strong influence on mechanical performance. Use of a caul plate avoids these variations and in this case embedded defects hardly affect tensile properties.

Mean structure of the North Atlantic subtropical permanent pycnocline from in-situ observations

In the north Atlantic subtropical gyre, the oceanic vertical structure of density is characterized by a region of rapid increase with depth. This layer is called the permanent pycnocline. The permanent pycnocline is found below a surface mode water ,which are ventilated every winter when penetrated locally by the mixed layer. Assessing the structure and variability of the permanent pycnocline is of a major interest in the understanding of the climate system because the pycnocline layer delimits important heat and anthropogenic reservoir. Moreover, the heat content structure translate into changes in the large scale stratification feature, such as the permanent pycnocline. We developed a new objective algorithm for the characterization of the large scale structure of the permanent pycnocline (OAC-P). Argo data have been used with OAC-P to provide a detailed description of the mean structure of the North-Atlantic subtropical pycnocline (e.g.: depth, thickness, temperature, salinity, density, potential vorticity). Results reveal a surprisingly complex structure with inhomogeneous properties. While the classical bowl shape of the pycnocline depth is captured, much more complex pycnocline structure emerges at the regional scale. In the southern recirculation gyre of the Gulf Stream Extension, the pycnocline is deep, thick, the maximum of stratification is found in the middle on the layer and follow an isopycnal surface. But local processes influence and modify this textbook description and the pycnocline is characterized by a vertically asymmetric structure and gradients in thermohaline properties. T/S distribution along the permanent pycnocline depth is complex and reveals a diversity of water masses resulting from mixing of different source waters. We will present the observed mean structure of the North-Atlantic subtropical permanent pycnocline and relate it to physical processes that constraint it.

Influence des conditions hydrométéorologiques sur les flux et bilans sédimentaires en estuaire de Seine

La dynamique sédimentaire à l’embouchure de l’estuaire de Seine est principalement contrôlée par les forçages hydrométéorologiques (débit, vent, vagues, marée) et les fortes pressions anthropiques (endiguement, dragage, clapage). La compréhension et la quantification de la dynamique des flux sédimentaires en suspension (sable/vase) est un enjeu majeur, autant d’un point vu écologique (ex. turbidité, envasement) que financier (ex. gestion des chenaux de navigation). La mise en place de réseaux de mesure in situ permet une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique sédimentaire de l’estuaire, mais leur caractère local rend difficile toute estimation des flux et bilans sédimentaires. Pour répondre à ces questions, cette étude s’appuie sur la modélisation numérique, validée par de nombreuses séries de mesures in situ, afin de quantifier les flux et bilans sédimentaires à différentes échelles caractéristiques de temps et d'espace. Les concentrations simulées dans la zone d'extension du bouchon vaseux sont du même ordre que les observations et leur dynamique associée aux différentes phases et cycles de la marée, ainsi qu'au cycle hydrologique, est satisfaisante. L’analyse des flux résiduels et bilans sédimentaires aux échelles annuelle et trimestrielle a permis d’identifier un schéma de circulation à l’embouchure de l’estuaire et de quantifier l’importance du forçage hydrologique (crue/étiage) sur les échanges sédimentaires. Enfin, ce travail se poursuivra par l’étude de ces flux et bilans pour différents scénarios hydrométéorologiques contrastés.