The use of the ethanol pathway in goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) following anoxia

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were subjected, for a period of 6 weeks, to 2h progressive hypoxia followed by 6h anoxia in closed respirometers at 15 degree C. The concentrations of glucose, lactate and ethanol were determined in whole goldfish following exposure to both hypoxia and anoxia. Lactate accumulation (mmol/kg/h) was 0.35 during the 1st week but declined to 0.14 in the 6th week of exposure to anoxia. In contrast, ethanol excreted to the surrounding water, increased from 65% to 92% of the total production in the lst and 6th week, respectively. The switch from lactate accumulation to ethanol pathway utilization, with the resultant metabolic depression and anoxia resistance is discussed

Use of Freely-Available Weebly in Creating Quick and Easy Web Pages: poster presentation

Weebly is a freely-available software for creating Web pages without having to know HTML. It is easy to use, with its drag and drop editor, and offers the ability to add documents, Web links, videos, slideshows, audio, forms, polls, etc. It is hosted by Weebly and has no limits on storage space. Many templates are available for Web page design. One can publish and update almost immediately. Combined with usage of the freely-available Google Analytics, for example, it is possible to gather usage statistics. The site can be password protected, if need be. Weebly for Education is a special version for teachers and schools.

Potential use of offshore marine structures in rebuilding an overfished rockfish species, bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis)

Although bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) was an economically important rockfish species along the west coast of North America, overfishing has reduced the stock to about 7.4% of its former unfished population. In 2003, using a manned research submersible, we conducted fish surveys around eight oil and gas platforms off southern California as part of an assessment of the potential value of these structures as fish habitat. From these surveys, we estimated that there was a minimum of 430,000 juvenile bocaccio at these eight structures. We determined this number to be about 20% of the average number of juvenile bocaccio that survive annually for the geographic range of the species. When these juveniles become adults, they will contribute about one percent (0.8%) of the additional amount of fish needed to rebuild the Pacific Coast population. By comparison, juvenile bocaccio recruitment to nearshore natural nursery grounds, as determined through regional scuba surveys, was low in the same year. This research demonstrates that a relatively small amount of artificial nursery habitat may be quite valuable in rebuilding an overfished species.

Use of enriched live prey in promoting growth and maturation of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of nutritional management of broodstock of Penaeus monodon on growth and maturation. Test specimens were obtained from a grow-out pond before attainment of maturity and were reared in hatchery tanks. Four types of dietary treatments (M1–M4) were given to separate batches that were run in duplicate. Feeding trials continued for five months. A diet with live bloodworm, bioencapsulated to contain tricalcic phosphate as its major component, was found to be the most efficient. Specimens of this particular batch assimilated food more efficiently, grew at a faster rate and attained maturity earlier than other groups. Bloodworm provided the lipid fractions for which there is no de novo synthesis in shrimp. The enrichment product acted by promoting somatic growth and increasing transfer of biochemical constituents needed by the ovary for develop

Use of length-weight relationship in grading processed beche-de-mer

Holothurians, belonging to the species Holothuria scabra, have been collected by diver-fishermen and processed for export. There is an active fishery for these animals in Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar, off the north-western coast of Sri Lanka. The absence of standardized method of grading has led to unwarranted variation in sale prices and sometimes in loss of foreign exchange in Sri Lanka. In this paper an attempt is made to present a method to grade processed beche-de-mer by using the lenght-weight relationship.

The use of locally available materials in fish feed production

In Nigeria, the culture of fish is gaining importance, but local fish farmers face a set back because of the stoppage on importation of fish feed. Locally available raw materials such as yam, plantain, banana, cowpeas, macuna, maize, cassava, millet, sorghum, groundnut, sunnhemp seed and brewery wastes are considered as potential materials for fish feed. These have been examined on their minimum protein contributions since this is the most expensive part of the fish feed. Alternative sources to animal proteins are also examined. Plant protein from groundnut, melon, mucuna and others compare favourably with bloodmeal mixture and thus can be used to replace the more expensive animal proteins. Pellet feed can be produced on a small scale or commercial basis from the locally available raw materials and the fish farmer is advised to seek assistance from qualified fisheries personnel

Preliminary observations on the use of a frame trawl in hydroacoustic surveys

Thirteen hauls were made during the hydroacoustic survey of the Ugandan waters of Lake Victoria from 7-19 February 1999. Ten of the hauls were made above the oxycline which was clearly visible as a strong echo on the echogram at between 25 and 35 m depth in most of the sampled areas. The remaining three hauls targeted the oxycline. Approximate equal weights of Rastrineobola argentia and Haplocromine cichlids were caught in total, but with marked differences between hauls. Near the surface R. argentia dominated the catches. In midwater Haplochromines were dominant. At the oxycline Caridina niloticus was abundant

Techno-economic analysis of production and marketing of marine by-products in India

Marine by-products coming under the ancillary products group found many applications in pharmaceutical and industrial sectors. Although many of these products are fetching very high price at the export market, adequate statistics regarding their current production, marketing and utilisation is lacking. The present analysis deals with the production potential, level of exploitation, uses, export growth rate and potential for the future of some of these marine by-products. The analysis revealed that an estimated quantity of 205 t. of shells, 10 t. of gastropod operculum, 4,932 t. of shark liver oil and 4,384 t. of shark cartilage could be produced annually in India with the current landings. The production potential of chitin is estimated as 3,560 t. from shrimp shell wastes and 1,354 t. from crab shell wastes. The high unit value of different products clearly indicates the scope for their development by evolving appropriate utilisation and marketing strategies.

Preliminary observations of the use of under-water light in fish catch

Experiments with drift gill net with under-water lights were carried out in the sea and estuarine region along with a control net of the same specifications without any light in the same fishing ground for comparison. The experimental net caught more fish in number and weight than the control. Fishes like pomfrets (Pampus chinensis, Parastromafeus niger), seer (Scomberomorus spp), hilsa (Ilisha spp) etc showed positive phototaxis and were gilled encircling the point of illumination. Young skates (Mobula spp) and Polynemus tetradactylus were antiphototactic. The number of fishes caught increased with increase in period of illumination. The catch of larger fishes was maximum at 60 mts of illumination and the total catch increased with increase in intensity of light. Additional cost of operation with under-water light was Rs 1-25 per hr but the catch was 4 to 5 times greater than that of the control net.

Use of fermented kitchen waste in rearing Penaeus monodon larvae

Fermented vegetable and kitchen wastes are available as feeds for not only zoea but also mysis and up to certain points in the postlarval stages of sugpo, Penaeus monodon. It is recommended that the hatchery use fermented wastes as larval feed for P.monodon when diatoms or brine shrimp nauplii are lacking or in short supply. Among three stages namely, zoea, mysis and postlarva, the survival rate during postlarva particularly after P SUB-4 was quite low. The problems encountered are as follows: (a) how to prevent fermented particles from lumping, (b) how to prevent them from easily sinking to the bottom, and, (c) how to prevent bacteria and fungi, particularly Lagenidium sp blooming.

Use of aspirator for aeration in fish culture

A description is given of the use of an aspirator in fish culture and hatchery water management in order to solve the problem of dissolved oxygen depletion. Trials show that a single aspirator can be used efficiently when using 1,000 litres of water for bioassays, breeding experiments, or hatchery management work with continuous flow or recirculating systems.

Use of non-natal estuaries by migratory striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in summer

For most migratory fish, little is known about the location and size of foraging areas or how long individuals remain in foraging areas, even though these attributes may affect their growth, survival, and impact on local prey. We tested whether striped bass (Morone saxatilis Walbaum), found in Massachusetts in summer, were migratory, how long they stayed in non-natal estuaries, whether observed spatial patterns differed from random model predictions, whether fish returned to the same area across multiple years, and whether fishing effort could explain recapture patterns. Anchor tags were attached to striped bass that were caught and released in Massachusetts in 1999 and 2000, and recaptured between 1999 and 2007. In fall, tagged striped bass were caught south of where they were released in summer, confirming that fish were coastal migrants. In the first summer, 77% and 100% of the recaptured fish in the Great Marsh and along the Massachusetts coast, respectively, were caught in the same place where they were released. About two thirds of all fish recaptured near where they were released were caught 2–7 years after tagging. Our study shows that smaller (400–500 mm total length) striped bass migrate hundreds of kilometers along the Atlantic Ocean coast, cease their mobile lifestyle in summer when they use a relatively localized area for foraging (<20 km2), and return to these same foraging areas in subsequent ye

Use of ocean and estuarine habitats by young-of-year bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the New York Bight

Young-of-year (YOY) blue-fish (Pomatomus saltatrix) along the U.S. east coast are often assumed to use estuaries almost exclusively during the summer. Here we present data from 1995 to 1998 indicating that YOY (30–260 mm FL) also use ocean habitats along the coast of New Jersey. An analysis of historical and recent data on northern and southern ocean beaches (0.1–2 m) and the inner continental shelf (5–27 m) during extensive sampling in New Jersey waters from 1995 to 1998 indicated that multiple cohorts occurred (June–August) in every year. When comparable collections of YOY were made in the ocean and in an adjacent estuary, the abundance was 1–2 orders of magnitude greater on ocean beaches during the summer. The YOY were even more abundant in ocean habitats in the fall (September–October), presumably as a result of YOY leaving estuaries to join the coastal migration south. During 1999 and 2000, YOY bluefish were tagged with internal sequential coded wire microtags in order to refine our under-standing of habitat use and movement. Few (0.04%) of the fish tagged on ocean beaches were recaptured; however, 2.2% of the fish tagged in the estuary were recaptured from 2 to 27 days after tagging. Recaptured fish grew quickly (average 1.37 mm FL/d). On ocean beaches YOY fed on a variety of invertebrates and fishes but their diet changed with size. By approximately 80–100 mm FL, they were piscivorous and fed primarily on engraulids, a pattern similar to that reported in estuaries. Based on distribution, abundance, and feeding, both spring- and summer-spawned cohorts of YOY bluefish commonly use ocean habitats. Therefore, attempts to determine factors affecting recruitment success based solely on estuarine sampling may be inadequate and further examination, especially of the contribution of the summer-spawned cohort in ocean habitats, appears warranted.

Assessment of seawater pollution by heavy metals (lead & cadmium) in the Qeshm rocky shore: use of the sea urchin, Echinometra mathaei, as a bioindicator

The general purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of heavy metal accumulation in hard and soft tissue of sea urchin, and determining these tissues as the most suitable bioindicator for lead and cadmium in the environment of the sampling stations. The way of doing this assessment was MOOPAM. Samples were prepared and classified according to sea urchin organ (soft tissue, hard tissue, Tube feet, Test, Lantern Structure and spines) and then lead and cadmium were measured in them. Result of this study shows that hard tissue is a better index of lead and cadmium than soft tissue. The result of bioaccumulation of lead in the related tissue was found to be in the following order: Soft tissue=21, hard tissue=28.1, Test=20.8, Lantern Structure=20.5 and spines=23.9. The result of bioaccumulation of cadmium in the related tissue was found to be in the following order: Soft tissue=9. 7, hard tissue=5.01, Test=4.2, Lantern Structure=4.06 and spines=5.53.