Small-scale fishing in Central American indigenous people: governance, tenure and sustainable management of marine resources

This research develops four case studies on small-scale fisheries in Central America located within indigenous territories. The ngöbe Bugle Conte Burica Territory in the south of Costa Rica, the Garífuna territory in nueva Armenia Honduras, the Rama territory in Nicaragua and the ngöbe Bugle territory in Bocas del Toro, Panamá. This is one of the first studies focusing on indigenous territories, artisanal fisheries and SSF guidelines. The cases are a first approach to discussing and analyzing relevant social and human rights issues related to conservation of marine resources and fisheries management in these territories. The cases discussed between other issues of interest, the relationships between marine protected areas under different governance models and issues related to the strengthening of the small-scale fisheries of these indigenous populations and marine fishing territories. They highlight sustainability, governance, land tenure and access to fishing resources, gender, traditional knowledge importance and new challenges as climate change.

Adsorption of aromatic compound by multi-walled carbon nanotube from sea water

It is global concern that soil and water were contaminated with organic substances such as BTEX (benzene) (B), toluene (T) and xylene (x) .The presence of excessive amounts of BTEX in aqueous surroundings may have a greatly adverse impact on water quality and thus endanger public health and welfare. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have aroused widespread attention as a new type of adsorptions due to their outstanding ability for the removal of various inorganic and organic pollutants from large volume of wastewater. Due to variety of adsorbent and their ability to adsorb pollutant, it is possible to reduce expenses and completely omit pollutant. In this CNT is used as a new adsorbent for removal pollutant such as benzene, toluene, and xylene. The result in the area of adsorbing benzene, toluene, and xylene is as follows: the changes of pH don’t affect the capacity of adsorption and the greatest amount of adsorption occurs in pH. The greatest amount of adsorption occurs when using 0.01gr CNT oxidized. Comparing CNT with CNT oxidized in term of adsorption capacity, it is proved that the adsorption capacity of CNT oxidized is much more than CNT. The result of comparing the percentage of adsorption of mentioned elements (B, X, T) is as follows; the amount of adsorption of xylene is more than toluene and toluene is more than benzene. It should be mentioned that in this research the percentage of adsorption to measure is between to 70-80.