Simulation and diagnosis of large-scale atmospheric moisture and surface hydrology over North America

We describe a preliminary investigation into large-scale atmospheric and surface moisture variations over North America. We compare large-scale hydrologic budgets in the Los Alamos general circulation model (GCM) to observed precipitation and vertically integrated atmospheric moisture fluxes derived from the National Meteorological Center's operational analyses. THe GCM faithfully simulates the integrated flux divergence and P-E differences. However, the integrated moisture content is too low, and precipitation and evaporation are too high. The model produces summertime soil moisture dryness, which supports previous studies showing increased droughts under warmer conditions.

Three dimensional numerical simulation of thermohaline currents of the Persian Gulf

Observational data and a three dimensional numerical model (POM) are used to investigate the Persian Gulf outflow structure and its spreading pathway into the Oman Sea. The model is based on orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system in horizontal and train following coordinate (sigma coordinate) system in vertical. In the simulation, the horizontal diffusivity coefficients are calculated form Smogorinsky diffusivity formula and the eddy vertical diffusivities are obtained from a second turbulence closure model (namely Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 model of turbulence). The modeling area includes the east of the Persian Gulf, the Oman Sea and a part of the north-east of the Indian Ocean. In the model, the horizontal grid spacing was assumed to be about 3.5 km and the number of vertical levels was set to 32. The simulations show that the mean salinity of the PG outflow does not change substantially during the year and is about 39 psu, while its temperature exhibits seasonal variations. These lead to variations in outflow density in a way that is has its maximum density in late winter (March) and its minimum in mid-summer (August). At the entrance to the Oman Sea, the PG outflow turns to the right due to Coriolis Effect and falls down on the continental slope until it gains its equilibrium depth. The highest density of the outflow during March causes it to sink more into the deeper depths in contrast to that of August which the density is the lowest one. Hence, the neutral buoyancy depths of the outflow are about 500 m and 250 m for March and August respectively. Then, the outflow spreads in its equilibrium depths in the Oman Sea in vicinity of western and southern boundaries until it approach the Ras al Hamra Cape where the water depth suddenly begins to increase. Therefore, during March, the outflow that is deeper and wider relative to August, is more affected by the steep slope topography and as a result of vortex stretching mechanism and conservation of potential vorticity it separates from the lateral boundaries and finally forms an anti-cyclonic eddy in the Oman Sea. But during August the outflow moves as before in vicinity of lateral boundaries. In addition, the interaction of the PG outflow with tide in the Strait of Hormuz leads to intermittency in outflow movement into the Oman Sea and it could be the major reason for generations of Peddy (Peddies) in the Oman Sea.