Botanical insecticides prescription for fish pest control and infestation free protein yield

The dry powders of four local species namely Piper guineense Schum and Thonn, Aframomum melegueta Schum, Zingiber officinale Rose; Capsicum annum Miller at three concentrations of 15g, 20g and 25g.kg were evaluated for their insecticidal effects against the larval of the dried fish weevil Demestes maculates Degeer. All the four species showed some effectiveness with P. guineense given a 100% mortality at the end of 72 hours at the three concentrations. The other species though gave less mortality were able to slow down the rate of development of the larvae to the adult size

The toxicity of four insecticides and a herbicide under tropical conditions

The toxicities of four insecticides and a herbicide to Tilapia macrochir were tested in the laboratory. The 24 hour LC50's were estimated as follows: Endrin 20% ,0.008 ppm; Lindane 5% granules, 4.6 ppmm; Synexa 50 (HCH) 50%), 5.6 ppm; Synex 25 (HCH 25%), 14.8 ppm; TOK herbicide (Nitrofen), 100% survival for 24 hours at 100 ppm. These estimates agree with results obtained by other workers elsewhere in the world. The laboratory determination of toxicity is important in estimating the direct effects of poisonous substances on fish, but other indirect effects may result from their use. These should be investigated in the field.

Review paper on the production trials of rice-cum fish culture - a transferable concept into Niger State, Nigeria

This paper reviews the production trials of rice-cum-fish culture. Rice and various fish species using rotation and concurrent methods of cultivation are used. The farming system is mostly practiced and researched in to in Southeast Asian countries. It addresses the problems of high external inputs, sustainable aquaculture, poverty and nutrition in the rural population, insect pests, use of insecticides, weeds control and under-utilization of agricultural lands. The production trials yields are summarized and a summary of annual income per hectare from rice and fish have been given. The yield however depends to a large extent on the species stocked, culture period, fertility of the soil and water, degree of supplemental feeding and culturing methods. The production results are discussed. Niger state is blessed with abundant wetlands/rice fields suitable for the practice. However, ecological differences from country to country and region to region, research and development trials are necessary to ensure a successful adoption of the technology to farmers in the State

Economics of pond fish culture under BRAC supervision in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

This study examines the relative profitability of pond aquaculture (polyculture and monoculture of silver barb) under BRAC supervision in Trishal Upazila, Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. The results of the study showed that polyculture was economically more rewarding than monoculture, though both the farming activities were profitable. Production function analysis proved that inputs such as fingerlings, fertilizer, feed and manure had positive impact on output. Human labor and insecticides were over used. The coefficients had expected signs and were found to be very significant.

A study on rural women's empowerment through participation in aquaculture

The study was undertaken to understand the rural women's (i) extent of participation in some selected aquaculture practices and (ii) extent of empowerment through participation in aquaculture program. Data were collected from 200 selected rural women of two districts - Sherpur and Kishoreganj. Each of the families where the selected rural women who were involved in aquaculture under the supervision of two partner NGOs of DSAP, namely- Foundation for Human Development (FHD) and Center for Rural and Environmental Development (CRED). Both conventional and participatory methods of data collection were employed where structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used as the tools. The data collection procedure took five-months spanning from September 2004 to January 2005. Appropriate scales were developed and used in order to determine the focus variables of the study, while most analyses regarding women empowerment were done using 'before' and 'after' method. Empowerment of women was measured by five dimensions such as decision making ability, spending ability, social participation, cosmopoliteness, access to assets and resources. The ten selected aquaculture practices were: fish feeding, eradication of aquatic vegetation from fish pond, disease detection, application of fertilizer, liming, harvesting of fry and fish, fish stock management, pond excavation, use of insecticides, and sale of fry and fish. The study also aimed at determining some selected characteristics of rural women and determining relationship between their extent of empowerment and the selected characteristics. The characteristics of rural women included: age, personal education, average family education, family size, family farm size, area under aquaculture, extension media exposure, training exposure, knowledge in aquaculture, and family income. The findings revealed an overall low level of participation by rural women in aquaculture activities. However, significant level of improvement was identified regarding overall status of empowerment during the course of participation in aquaculture program under DSAP.

A review on oil sardine 3. Oil and meal industry

The author reviews the advances in the oil and meal industries related to the oil sardine fishery (Sardinella longiceps) since the 1920s. Data on the production of by-produced produced in Kerala over the period 1964- 69 are tabulated. Details of the properties of the commercial oil are given, and the values compared to those for other similar oils. The use of oil sardine for industrial purposes - the oil has been used to cure leather, temper metals and as fungicides or insecticides - and the production of fish meal and fish protein concentrate is considered.

Prevention of infestation by Dermestes maculatus Degeer in east African dried fish using pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide

East African sun-dried fish dipped for 4 seconds in different solutions of pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide were analysed for insecticide residue limits. All analyses showed residues above the FAO/WHO MRL; exceeding factors of between 7.6 (22.9 ppm) and 1.6 (5.3 ppm) were found for pyrethrum while exceeding factors between 5.1 (102 ppm) and 1.7 (33.1 ppm) were common for piperonyl butoxide after 6 months storage at ambient temperature. All insecticide treated fish, regardless of dip concentration, were observed to be less susceptible to infestation by Dermestes maculatus than samples of untreated fish. No dry weight losses due to insect infestation were recorded, however moisture evaporation caused weight losses between 6 and 8% during the period. Further investigations showed that careful handling and a dip concentration more in accordance with FAO/WHO MRL than the commercial practice will reduce the cost of insecticides from K.sh. 0.72 to K.sh. 0.23 per kg pyrethrum treated fish.

Organochlorine insecticide residues in sediments from the coast of Chittagong, Bangladesh

A total of 5 samples of marine sediments were analyzed for residues of organochlorine insecticide from the coast of Chittagong, Bangladesh. The analytical method consisted of 3 phases, extraction, clean-up and, analysis through Gas Chromatography (GC) with Electron Capture Detector (ECD). The concentration ranges were as follows 0.18 - 1.33 ng.g¹ for aldrin, 0.2 - 1.84 ng.g¹ for dielddrin, 0.30 - 1.31 ng.g¹ for endrin, 0.11 - 0.26 ng.g¹ for lindane, 0.56- 3.36 ng.g¹ for heptachlor, 0.2- 1.51 ng.g¹ for P,P' DDE, 0.18- 2.91 ng.g¹ for P,P' DDD, 0.11 - 3.12 ng.g¹ for P,P' DDT. These results reveal that the sediments along coast of Chittagong are slightly contaminated with some of these organochlorine insecticides.