Combating fish disease. An explanation of the controls on notifiable fish diseases in Great Britain and advice on steps to prevent the spread of disease

For many years action has been taken to prevent the introduction and spread of serious fish diseases in Great Britain. In 1993 national rules were replaced by European Union wide rules designed to promote trade within the single market while safeguarding those parts of the Union with a high fish health status - such as this country. This booklet details the checks and controls which are applied to prevent the spread of disease outbreaks in this country. One can see that different rules apply to different diseases, generally reflecting the severity and other characteristics of the disease. The booklet also tries to explain the diseases and helps to recognise symptoms. This booklet is split into three parts: Part 1 gives an overview of the controls; Part 2 gives details for each of the diseases; and Part 3 gives advice on some of the precautions you can take to guard against the spread of disease.

Commercial Whaling, Especially for Gray Whales, Eschrichtius robustus, and Humpback Whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, at California and Baja California Shore Stations in the 19th Century (1854–1899)

Shore whaling along North America’s California and Baja California coasts during 1854–99 was ancillary to the offshore and alongshore American whale fishery, which had begun in the North Pacific in the early 1800’s and was flourishing by the 1840’s. From its inception at Monterey, Calif., in the mid 1850’s, the shore fishery, involving open boats deployed from land to catch and tow whales for processing, eventually spread from Monterey south to San Diego and Baja California and north to Crescent City near the California–Oregon border. It had declined to a relict industry by the 1880’s, although sporadic efforts continued into the early 20th century. The main target species were gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus, and humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, with the valuable North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica, also pursued opportunistically. Catch data are grossly incomplete for most stations; no logbooks were kept for these operations as they were for high-seas whaling voyages. Even when good information is available on catch levels, usually as number of whales landed or quantity of oil produced, it is rarely broken down by species. Therefore, we devised methods for extrapolation, interpolation, pro rationing, correction, and informed judgment to produce time series of catches. The resulting estimates of landings from 1854 to 1899 are 3,150 (SE = 112) gray whales and 1,637 (SE = 62) humpback whales. The numbers landed should be multiplied by 1.2 to account for hunting loss (i.e. whales harpooned or shot but not recovered and processed).