Echiurophilus fizei n. g. n. sp. Copépode parasite d'un echiuride d'Indochine

This paper deals with the description of Echiurophilus fizei. The worm has been recorded from the digestive tract of Thalassema inansense Ikeda in Vietnam in 1955.

HACCP based management system for improving quality of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

The study was conducted on the present status of HACCP based quality management system of golda, Macrobrachium rosenbergii farms in Fulpur region of Mymensingh. Information was collected on general condition of farms, culture systems and post-harvest quality management. In almost all farms, there is no or inadequate infrastructure facilities such as, road access, electric supply, telecommunications, ice, feed storage facility, vehicle for golda transportation, washing and toilet facilities. The problems associated with sanitation and hygiene was: widespread use of cow dung, poultry manure and construction of open toilet within the vicinity of prawn culture pond. Different grades of commercially available and locally prepared feeds were used for golda culture in the pond. Golda post-larvae (PL) of 40-50 days old were stocked with carp species. The price of golda PL ranged from Tk. 1.00 to Tk. 1.25/piece. The pond size varied from 50 decimal (0.2 ha) to 2.5 acre (1.0 ha) with an average depth of 2-2.5 m. The culture period of golda varied from April-May to November-December and survival rate ranged between 75 and 80%. Production of golda varied from 250-500 kg/acre (625-1,250 kg/ha). Harvested golda were transported to city market within 4 h. Two size grading were generally followed during pricing, e.g. Tk. 500 to 550/kg for >100 g size and Tk. 300/kg for <100 g size. The cost-benefit ratio was found to remain around 1:1.25 depending on availability of PL. Water quality parameters such as, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity and chlorophyll a in five golda farms in Fulpur region were monitored. Water temperature ranged from 29°C to 33°C, dissolved oxygen from 2.28 to 4.13 mg/l, pH between 6.65 and 7.94, alkalinity from 44 to 70 mg/l and chlorophyll a concentration from 61.88 to 102.34 µg/l in the five investigated ponds. The Aerobic Plate Count (APC) of the water sample was within the range of 2.0x10^6 - 2.96x10^7 CFU/ml and of soil samples within the range of 6.9x10^6 - 7.73x10^6 CFU/g. Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella sp. were isolated from pond water and sediment. Different feed samples used for golda was analyzed for proximate composition. Moisture content ranged around 14.14-21.22%, crude protein 20.55-44.1%, lipid 4.67-12.54% and ash 9.7-27.69%. The TVB-N values and peroxide values of feeds used as starter, grower and fish meal were found within the acceptable ranges and samples were free from pathogenic organisms. A training was organized for the golda farmers on HACCP, water quality and post-harvest quality management of prawn.

Selective plankton feeding by the coregonid ”bondella” (Coregonus sp.) of Lake Maggiore [Translation from: Translation from: Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia Dott.Marco de Marchi 31 181-203, 1974]

In recent times, some specialists have begun to study the subject of food selection of fish in an organized way, thus highlighting its importance. In the present work, the author intends to evaluate the impact of predation on the eupelagic zooplanktonic biocenosis of Lake Maggiore, producing, in this way, as far as possible, a basis for a better understanding of the population dynamics of the species of zooplankton directly involved. Another aspect which has been studied is that related to the mechanism of selective capture set in action by the predator. To this end the study tries to bear in mind that the subject should be interpreted as a function of numerous factors acting contemporaneously, that is as the interaction of characters peculiar to the predator and to the prey. The species studied, locally called ”bondella”, belongs to the family Salmonidae, subfamily Coregoninae and was introduced into Lake Maggiore in 1950.

Canning of smoked dhoma (Sciaenid sp.)

A process for the preparation of a wholesome smoked and canned product from dhoma (Sciaenid sp.) is discussed. The dressed dhoma is cold blanched in 15% brine containing 0.5% potash alum and 0.2% citric acid and smoked for 120 minutes at 45 ± 5°C. The smoked fish after filling in cans is precooked at 0.35 kg/sq.cm steam pressure for 50 minutes in inverted position, filled with hot refined groundnut oil, sealed and processed for 60 minutes at 0.7 kg/sq.cm steam pressure.

Technological aspects of preservation and processing of edible shell fishes V. Cold storage changes in mussels (Mytilus edulis) and clams (Villortia [i.e. Villorita] sp.)

The changes in chemical, bacteriological and organoleptic qualities of mussels and clams during freezing and subsequent frozen storage have been studied in relation to the holding time in ice prior to freezing and the shelf-life of the product is determined.

Iced and frozen storage of squid (Loligo sp)

The iced and frozen storage characteristics of squid (Loligo sp.) are discussed. Squid can be kept in ice in an acceptable condition for a maximum period of 2 days. Frozen squid can be stored for a maximum period of 15 weeks at -l8°C, which can be extended up to 19 weeks by suitable treatment.

Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Azotobacter sp. in aquatic sediment

Non-symbiotic, free living, nitrogen fixing bacteria, Azotobacter sp. was estimated in sediments of estuarine, marine, backwater and mangrove environments of Portonovo. Number of colony forming units (CFU) of Azotobacter sp. was less (5 to 27 cells/g of dry sediment). CFU of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), actinomycetes and fungi were between 4.1x10 super(6) and 4.5x10 super (7), 0.8x10 super(5) and 4.9x10 super(5), 1.1x10 super(5) and 3.8x10 super(5)/g respectively. Mangrove sediments contained more CFU of the above microbial groups.

In-vitro effect of fungicides on hyphal growth and sporogenesis of Lagenidium sp. isolated from Penaeus monodon larvae and Scylla serrata eggs

The sensitivity of Lagenidium, isolated from Penaeus monodon, Scylla serrata , to 34 antimycotics was determined. Effects on the development of vesicles, zoospores and mycelial growth were evaluated. Although mycoidal levels of the chemicals tested will be ideal for lethal treatment on control of the fungus, the high dose required may be lethal to the host, thus the use of mycostatic concentrations is more practical. Treatments of rearing water containing larvae, adult shrimps or crabs should be done only after preliminary tolerance experiments using at least the mycostatic dose prove to be safe for the hosts. Mycocidal doses can be used for determining disinfection doses of equipment and facilities used in rearing procedures as well as for destroying batches of infected larvae.

Influence of a fish bacterium Lactobacillus sp. on the production of swordtail xiphophorus helleri (Heckel 1848)

The influence of a fish gut bacterium Lactobacillus sp on the production of swordtail Xiphophorus helleri was studied for a period of one year. The Lactobacillus sp P21 produced bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance and exhibited wide spectrum of action against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp and Citrobacter freundi in vitro. The growth performance of X. helleri reared in the presence of Lactobacillus P21 at 106/ml rearing water was better than the control. The total plate counts, total MRS agar counts and the counts of motile aeromonads, presumptive pseudomonads, lactose fermenters and lactose non-fermenters in the gut of probiotic group were comparatively low than the control. On day 60 the count of Lactobacillus sp P21 was observed to be log 5.28/g in the gut of X. helleri indicating colonization of this bacterium in the gastrointestinal tract. The fecundity of X. helleri was in the range of 9-134. On average, it produced from 39.42±18.72 fry/female in control group to 53.00±23.57 fry/female in probiotic group. The increase in average fecundity in probiotic group over the control group was about 25%. There existed significant difference between probiotic group and control in respect of average fecundity/female (p<0.02), average number of fry survived /female (p<0.006) and average number of fry dead/female (p<0.029). The results of the present study demonstrated that the rearing of X. helleri in probiotic-enriched water have growth inducing ability and favourably influenced the reproductive performance in terms of high fecundity, high fry survival, reduced fry mortality and reduced fry deformity.

Effect of feeding bioencapsulated Lactobacillus sp. in live Tubifex sp. on the growth performance of gold fish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

An attempt was made to feed bioencapsulate Lactobacillus sp. in live fish food organism Tubifex for use in the culture of gold fish Carassius auratus. The C. auratus fries when fed with bioencapsulated Lactobacillus sp. in Tubifex showed significant improvement in total wet weight gain (p<0.007) and FCR (p<0.01) compared to control. The specific growth rale and mean survival were slightly higher, although insignificantly (p>0.05) in bioencapsulated Tubifex fed group. None of the bacteriological parameters of the fish gut between the experimental and control groups differed significantly (p>0.05). Lactobacillus sp. was recorded at a level of log 5.11/g on the 90th day of experimentation. When the experimental C. auratus fries were infected with Pseudomonas fluorescents, the bioencapsulated Tubifex fed group resisted the infection. The survival was significantly higher (p<0.05) in bioencapsulated Tubifex fed group (44%) than in control (22%). The C. auratus fed with bioencapsulated Tubifex showed less (55%) signs of tail/fin rot. Likewise, a significant improvement in total wet weight gain (p<0.009), FCR (p<0.01) and SGR (p<0.04) of C. auratus brooder fed with bioencapsulated Tubifex was seen compared to control group fed with depurated Tubifex.

Feasibility study of biofuel production from freshwater fern, Azolla sp in Anzali Wetland

Production of bioethanol through acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis of aquatic Azolla sp., as a new source of bio-mass, has been performed, as a means to control increasing growth and reducing undesirable effects of this plant in Anzali lagoon. After sampling, drying and crushing, Azolla was hydrolyzed, using diluted acid and enzyme. Diluted acid hydrolysis was done using both autoclave and a high-pressure system (Batch Synth® Microwave synthesizer). The effects of temperature and time (in autoclave) and concentration of acid (in both) were compared. Cellubrix®, a ommercial cellulase source, was used for enzymatic hydrolysis process. The amounts of reducing sugars, glucose and furfural, released from hydrolyzate, were measured. To produce alcohol, Sacchromyces cerevisiae (to ferment sixcarbon sugars), Zygowilliopsis californica and Pichia stipitis (to ferment five-carbon and sixcarbon sugars) were used. Maximum amounts of glucose (4.83% w/w) and reducing sugars (14.15% w/w) were obtained using acid hydrolysis in autoclave. In the microwave oven, maximum glucose (5.04% w/w) and reducing sugars (13.27 w/w) were obtained at 180 and 200 °C, respectively. Under these conditions, maximum produced furfural was 1.54 g/L. The difference between amounts of furfural obtained from acid hydrolysis of Azolla in microwave oven compared to autoclave was statistically significant. Amounts of alcohol produced and its yields were 3.99 g/L and 33.13% for S. cerevisiae in 48 hours, 3.73 g/L and 30.45% for Pichia stipites in 48 hours, and 3.73 g/L and 30.45% for Z. californica in 24 hours after inoculation, respectively, with significant differences. Statistical comparison of results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in glucose production, at different conditions. Amounts of reducing sugars and glucose increased after optimization of levels of acid, time, and temperature. The overall optimum released sugar and glucose were obtained with 1.67% (w/v) acid using autoclave. Higher temperatures in microwave oven caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in furfural. Furfural severely inhibits fermentation. Hence, regarding the issues of energy consumption and time, amounts of inhibiting substances and sugar production, autoclave is found to be superior to the high temperature and pressure, generated in microwave oven, for hydrolyzing Azolla. Furthermore, given the amounts of Azolla in Anzali lagoon, it may be recommendable to use this plant as a biomass resource.

Pathogenesis of Yersinia ruckeri-like isolates and compared with Streptococcus sp. in rainbow trout, Onchorhyncus mykiss

Pathogenesis of an isolate of Yersinia rukeri-like bacterium was studied in rainbow trout weighting 8-12 g at 20C and acceptable water quality for 20 days.

Catálogo ilustrado de las compuestas (=Asteraceae) de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina: Sistemática, Ecología y Usos.

La familia de la Compuestas (=Asteraceae) es la más numerosa de todas las fanerógamas con aproximadamente 23000 especies y más de 1500 géneros ampliamente distribuidos en todos los continentes excepto en la Antártida. En la República Argentina es la familia más abundante con 222 géneros nativos y 1490 especies, en tanto que en la provincia de Buenos Aires, las compuestas representan la sexta parte de la flora de plantas vasculares con 113 géneros y 356 especies, de las cuales 55 son adventicias y el resto indígenas. Muchas de las especies de esta familia son utilizadas por el hombre como plantas alimenticias o medicinales. Algunas especies son tóxicas para el ganado. Otras son utilizadas como repelentes de insectos o son perjudiciales por ser malezas invasoras en los campos y competir con las plantas cultivadas.

Evaluation of Several Commercial Algicides for Control of Odor-producing Cyanobacteria

The production of certain odorous metabolites is an undesirable attribute of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) growth in aquaculture ponds [e.g., channel catfish(Ictalurus punctatus)] and in drinking water reservoirs. The most common odorous compounds encountered in catfish aquaculture are geosmin (trans-1,10-dimethyltrans-9-decalol) and 2-methylisoborneol(exo-1,2,7,7-tetramethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol). These compounds are also frequently encountered worldwide in reservoirs and aqueducts used for municipal drinking water systems(Schrader et al. 2002). In this study, several algicides were evaluated using a rapid bioassay to determine their effectiveness in controlling the MIB-producing cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata from a west Mississippi catfish pond and the MIBproducing Pseudanabaena sp. (strain LW397) from Lake Whitehurst, Virginia, used as a city water supply reservoir. The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii , not a MIB-producer, and the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum , found in catfish ponds in the southeastern United States, were included in the bioassay to help determine potential broad-spectrum toxicity of the commercial products. (PDF has 3 pages.)