The first fifty years of the Freshwater Biological Association

A brief history of the Freshwater Biological Association is given in this article. The association has been in existence for fifty years, having been founded in 1929.

List of Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association 1929–1978

This bibliography covers the literature published by the Freshwater Biological Association between the years 1929-1978.

John Nathan Cobb (1868–1930): Founding Director of the College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle

John Nathan Cobb (1868–1930) became the founding Director of the College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, in 1919 without the benefit of a college education. An inquisitive and ambitious man, he began his career in the newspaper business and was introduced to commercial fisheries when he joined the U.S. Fish Commission (USFC) in 1895 as a clerk, and he was soon promoted to a “Field Agent” in the Division of Statistics, Washington, D.C. During the next 17 years, Cobb surveyed commercial fisheries from Maine to Florida, Hawaii, the Pacific Northwest, and Alaska for the USFC and its successor, the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. In 1913, he became editor of the prominent west coast trade magazine, Pacific Fisherman, of Seattle, Wash., where he became known as a leading expert on the fisheries of the Pacific Northwest. He soon joined the campaign, led by his employer, to establish the nation’s first fisheries school at the University of Washington. After a brief interlude (1917–1918) with the Alaska Packers Association in San Francisco, Calif., he was chosen as the School’s founding director in 1919. Reflecting his experience and mindset, as well as the University’s apparent initial desire, Cobb established the College of Fisheries primarily as a training ground for those interested in applied aspects of the commercial fishing industry. Cobb attracted sufficient students, was a vigorous spokesman for the College, and had ambitions plans for expansion of the school’s faculty and facilities. He became aware that the College was not held in high esteem by his faculty colleagues or by the University administration because of the school’s failure to emphasize scholastic achievement, and he attempted to correct this deficiency. Cobb became ill with heart problems in 1929 and died on 13 January 1930. The University soon thereafter dissolved the College and dismissed all but one of its faculty. A Department of Fisheries, in the College of Science, was then established in 1930 and was led by William Francis Thompson (1888–1965), who emphasized basic science and fishery biology. The latter format continues to the present in the Department’s successor, The School of Aquatic Fisheries and Science.

El Naturalista.

Continuando con el rescate de los diferentes documentos de naturalistas argentinos, se reproduce el presente relato escrito por el Dr. Emiliano Mac Donagh y que fuera publicado en el diario La Nación en la edición del 5 de mayo de 1929.

A marine biogeographic assessment of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands

The mission of NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS) is to serve as the trustee for a system of marine protected areas, to conserve, protect and enhance biodiversity. To assist in accomplishing this mission, the ONMS has developed a partnership with NOAA’s Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography Branch (CCMA-BB) to conduct biogeographic assessments of marine resources within and adjacent to the marine waters of NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuaries (Kendall and Monaco, 2003). Biogeography is the study of spatial and temporal distributions of organisms, their associated habitats, and the historical and biological factors that influence species’ distributions. Biogeography provides a framework to integrate species distributions and life history data with information on the habitats of a region to characterize and assess living marine resources within a sanctuary. The biogeographic data are integrated in a Geographical Information System (GIS) to enable visualization of species’ spatial and temporal patterns, and to predict changes in abundance that may result from a variety of natural and anthropogenic perturbations or management strategies (Monaco et al., 2005; Battista and Monaco, 2004). Defining biogeographic patterns of living marine resources found throughout the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) was identified as a priority activity at a May 2003 workshop designed to outline scientifi c and management information needs for the NWHI (Alexander et al., 2004). NOAA’s Biogeography Branch and the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (PMNM) under the direction of the ONMS designed and implemented this biogeographic assessment to directly support the research and management needs of the PMNM by providing a suite of spatially-articulated products in map and tabular formats. The major fi ndings of the biogeographic assessment are organized by chapter and listed below.

Charles M. Breder, Jr.: drawings

Among the papers of Dr. Charles M. Breder bequeathed to the Mote Marine Laboratory by the Breder family are a series of drawings of larval fish and eggs done from 1917 through 1929. The drawings were made with pencil on half and full sheets of buff colored paper. The half sheet drawings are of larval fish, most of which are not identified. The full sheet drawings often contain comments and notes related to laboratory work on fish egg development, and made during the summer of 1929 when Breder was working in the Dry Tortugas.

National summary of NOAA's shallow-water benthic habitat mapping of U.S. coral reef ecosystems

Coral reef ecosystems are some of the most complex and important ecosystems in the marine environment. They are also among the most biologically diverse and economically valuable ecosystems on earth, producing billions of dollars in food, as well as providing a suite of ecological services, such as recreation and tourism activities and coastal protection from storm and wave action. Yet, despite their value and importance, these fragile ecosystems are declining at an alarming rate (Waddell and Clarke (eds.) 2008) due to a myriad of threats both natural and manmade, including climate change, fishing pressure, and runoff and sedimentation. In response, the Unites States Coal Reef Task Force was established in 1998 by Presidential Executive Order 13089 to lead U.S. efforts to preserve and protect the nation’s coral reef ecosystems. In order to better understand the current state of coral reef ecosystems and successfully mitigate the impacts of stressors, informational products, such as benthic (or sea floor) habitat maps, are critical. Benthic habitat maps support the ability to prioritize areas for further study and protection, and offer a baseline to evaluate the changes in ecosystems over time. In 2000, the United States Coral Reef Task Force charged NOAA with leading federal efforts to produce comprehensive digital maps of all U.S. shallow-water (approximately 0 to 30 m in depth) coral reef ecosystem habitats.

Status of the coral reef ecosystems in the U.S. Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico: Florida, Flower Garden Banks, Puerto Rico, Navassa and USVI

This chapter covers coral reef areas under the jurisdiction of the USA in the Wider Caribbean: Florida; Flower Garden Banks; Puerto Rico; U.S. Virgin Islands; and Navassa. The following information is condensed from six chapters of The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. Access to the full text of this comprehensive report is available at: http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/stateofthereefs.

Opportunistic feeding of longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus): Are scallop fishery discards an important food subsidy for scavengers on Georges Bank?

There has been much recent interest in the effects of fishing on habitat and non-target species, as well as in protecting certain areas of the seabed from these effects (e.g. Jennings and Kaiser, 1998; Benaka, 1999; Langton and Auster, 1999; Kaiser and de Groot, 2000). As part of an effort to determine the effectiveness of marine closed areas in promoting recovery of commercial species (e.g. haddock, Melanogrammus aegelfinus; sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus; yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea; cod, Gadus morhua), nontarget species, and habitat, a multidisciplinary research cruise was conducted by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service. The cruise was conducted in closed area II (CA-II) of the eastern portion of Georges Bank during 19–29 June 2000 (Fig. 1). The area has historically produced high landings of scallops but was closed in 1994 principally for groundfish recovery (Fogarty and Murawski, 1998). The southern portion of the area was reopened to scallop fishing from 15 June to 12 November 1999, and again from 15 June to 15 August 2000. While conducting our planned sampling, we observed scallop viscera (the noncalcareous remains from scallops that have been shucked by commercial fishermen at sea) in the stomachs of several fish species at some of these locations, namely little skate (Raja erinacea), winter skate (R. ocellata), red hake (Urophycis chuss), and longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus). We examined the stomach contents of a known scavenger, the longhorn sculpin, to evaluate and document the extent of this phenomenon.

Emiliano Mac Donagh - Un “Cuento de viejas” y otros cuentos viejos.

Al revisar viejos papeles familiares de nuestro padre, el Dr. Emiliano Mac Donagh (1896 – 1961) hemos descubierto, como escondidos, unos cuentos breves publicados entre 1929 y 1934. Ficcionales, pintorescos, no han figurado en la nómina de sus escritos, con excepción de El Naturalista, publicado en 1929 en el diario La Nación, y recientemente reproducido en la serie ProBiota (http://ictiologíaargentina.blogspot.com/16) Ofrecemos a la curiosidad de los ictiólogos los tres relatos publicados en 1930 en la revista Número, editada en Buenos Aires. Tanto Un cuento de viejas, como El sabio ebrio, y La quimera, el gallo y el elefante tienen a los peces como centro de interés. En los escritos de Emiliano Mac Donagh, que abarcan desde 1922 hasta 1960 con más de ciento setenta títulos, predominan los trabajos científicos alternando con estudios sobre historia de la biología y de los biólogos, o la preocupación por el cuidado del ambiente y temas relacionados. Sin excepción, aparece la zoología como tema vertebral, ya sea analizando una espina de bagre en la calma del laboratorio, ya sea relatando expediciones zoológicas al interior de nuestro país. Coexisten el detalle mínimo que entrega el microscopio con la aventura a campo abierto, pero el estilo es siempre descriptivo, pegado a la realidad, y despojado de cualquier intento de fantasía que traicionaría el rigor requerido por la ciencia. En los breves relatos aquí presentados, en cambio, el autor escapa de la formalidad, incursiona en un género más liberal en sus normas y deja volar su imaginación y su fino sentido de la ironía. Lo hace sin abandonar el asunto que más le atrae: la naturaleza, y en ella, la vida animal. Si bien los cuentos comparten temas centrales del resto de la producción, aquí no encontramos la exactitud fotográfica ni el análisis desapasionado, sino que la anécdota es imaginada y los escenarios reales se ven transformados por enfoques oníricos. Algunos personajes parecen el fiel retrato de alguien conocido mientras que otros suenan esquemáticos, vacíos. La mirada es humorística y a la vez crítica, gozosa sin dejar de ser analítica. Este período de “autor literario” en vez de “relator científico” dura poco: sólo cinco cuentos en cinco años. En la vasta producción no hay otros intentos de recurrir a la ficción para atraer el interés del público general hacia los admirables y admirados habitantes de las aguas. Quizás podríamos encontrar ecos del monólogo final de El sabio ebrio en el ensayo La belleza de los peces (Revista de Educación, La Plata, 1957) pero en este último el estilo es académico. El cambio de género literario podría sugerir un deseo de cambio vocacional, el cansancio frente a la aparente monotonía y estrictez de los registros científicos. Al plantear el dilema entre observar seres vivos en su medio natural o conservar sus cuerpos para los estudios científicos se insinuaría una encrucijada profesional. En 1930 habrá sido una disyuntiva, aludida en el recurrente contraste entre ambientes cerrados, poblados de frascos, vitrinas y mesas de taxidermia en contraposición con la abierta amplitud de ríos y playas, bosques y cielos. Aludida, también, al atribuir a personajes que las encarnan, dos tipos de sabiduría: una erudita, nacida del estudio, y otra pragmática, forjada en la experiencia. Sin embargo, el tema medular sigue siendo la ictiología: los peces, sus vidas y ámbitos, los nombres que les damos. El nuevo estilo revelaría más bien la intención de jerarquizar los asuntos dilectos envolviéndolos en una forma literaria más libre – y supuestamente más elevada. Creemos captar un latido de euforia, el impulso de compartir la emoción de un descubrimiento, el deseo de conservar la mirada ingenua y la capacidad de asombro ante el maravilloso mundo natural que nos rodea. Que esto se logre más acabadamente por medio de un cuento que a través de un informe, y que la ficción alcance mayor audiencia con la cual compartir la gozosa experiencia del conocimiento, son las cuestiones que nos deja pendientes este naturalista que – por breve tiempo – se volvió cuentista. Mary Mac Donagh de von Reichenbach

East African Fisheries Research Organization Annual Report 1958

A brief review of work carried out since the laboratory was established ten years ago will put present studies into perspective and show to what extent the aims of this organisation are being fulfilled. These aims can be simply defined under two heads: the maintenance of a watch on the commercial fisheries and original research designed to provide the necessary if these fisheries are to be exploited rationally and managed efficiently. While reference to past results, which cover a wide range of subjects, can best be made in the appropriate sections of this report, a short general statement on the Lake Victoria Fisheries may be useful. From the earliest records contained in Michael Graham's Report it was clear that even before 1929 considerable inroads had been made the stocks of fish in Lake Victoria. Some control measures were subsequently introduced which must have had a moderating effect, but so the Game Department reports continued to express concern regarding the state of the fisheries. During the last war some reduction in fishing effort occurred due to ,a shortage of nets, this afforded some respite to the fisheries, but after this period the fishing effort again increased steadily. At the present time the fishing effort is higher than it has ever been.

Fisheries research in Uganda

Evolution of fisheries research and FIRRI The earliest approach to fisheries research in Uganda dates from the first fisheries survey of Lake Victoria by Michael Graham between 1927 and 1928 (Graham, 1929). Based on references to the rich fisheries that were reported to Graham, it appears that during the 18th Century, catch per net per night averaged 300 tilapia, a revelation that led Graham to conclude that Lake Victoria is a tilapia lake. The "tilapia" later came to be known as Tilapia esculenta and T variabilis (Oreochromis esculentus and O. variabilis) respectively.

The history of fish communities, biodiversity and environment of Lake Victoria and the lessons learnt

The first fishery survey of Lake Victoria was conducted between 1927 and 1928 (Graham 1929). Atthat time, the lake had a diverse fish fauna and the fishery was dominated by two endemic tilapiine cichlids; Oreochromis esculentus (Graham 1929) and O. variabilis (Boulenger 1906). There were a number of other species such as Protopterus aethiopicus Heckel 1851, Bagrus docmac (Forsk.) 1775, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), Barbus species, mormyrids, Synodontis spp, Schilbe intermedius (Linn.) 1762 and Rastrineobola argentea Pellegrin, 1904 that were also abundant in the lake most of which made a significant contribution to the fishery (Graham 1929, Worthington 1929, 1932, Kudhongania & Cordone 1974). Haplochromine cichlids were represented by at least 300 species more than 99% of them endemic (Greenwood, 1974; Witte et al., 1992 a & b). The fishery of Lake Victoria was similar to that of lakes Kyoga and Nabugabo (Worthington 1929; Trewavas 1933; Greenwood 1965, 1966; Beadle 1962, 1981). There were also important fisheries on the inflowing rivers of Lake Victoria, the most important of which were Labeo victorianus and Barbus altianalis (Cadwallader 1965). The small sized species notably Rastrineobola argentea and haplochromines cichlids were not originally commercially exploited.