Effects of underwater explosions on oysters, crabs and fish: a preliminary report.

Investigation on the effects of explosive shock on marine life. Necessary that the "commercial" effects, the actual damage to commercially important stocks of fish and shellfish, be evaluated. Equally important are the "biological" effects, the immediate physical effects of shock waves on animals and the indirect effects on future stocks. Indirect effects might include the diversion of migratory stocks from an area, or actual damage to the habitat, rendering it unfit for sedentary or non-migratory native species. Interruption of the food chains in an area by destruction of forge forms or vegetation. (PDF contains 43 pages)

Blood lactate in yellowfin tuna, Neothunnus macropterus, and skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis, following capture and tagging

ENGLISH: The staff of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for several years has been investigating the life history, population structure, behavior and ecology of the yellowfin tuna, Neothunnus macropterus, and the skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. The tagging and subsequent recovery of these tropical tunas, to provide information on population structure, migrations, mortality rates and growth rates, are important aspects of these investigations. Broadhead (1959) and Schaefer, Chatwin and Broadhead (1961) emphasize the many difficulties involved in tagging these extremely active yet delicate fish and give considerable evidence to suggest that tagging mortality is high, perhaps as great as 60 to 80 per cent. The latter authors suggest that the rather high mortality at tagging is related to the effects of hyperactivity brought about by the tagging operation. SPANISH: El personal de la Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical ha estado investigando durante varios años la historia natural, la estructura de la población, los hábitos y la ecología del atún aleta amarilla, Neothunnus macropterus, y del barrilete, Katsuwonus pelamis, en el Océano Pacífico Oriental Tropical. La marcación y el subsiguiente recobro de estos atunes tropicales, lo que da información sobre la estructura de la población, los movimientos migratorios y las tasas de crecimiento y de mortalidad, son importantes aspectos de estas investigaciones. Broadhead (1959) y Schaefer, Chatwin y Broadhead (1961) destacan las muchas dificultades que hay para marcar estos peces activos en extremo pero delicados, y proporcionan considerable evidencia que sugiere que la mortalidad por la marcación es bastante alta, siendo quizás de 60 a 80 por ciento. Los autores citados sugieren que esta elevada mortalidad por la marcación está relacionada con los efectos de la hiperactividad producida por la operación de marcación.

Ecologic and hydrographic studies of Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor and near coastal waters, July 1974 to June 1976

In July 1974, we began a two-year baseline study of the Moss Landing Elkhorn Slough marine environment for Pacific Gas and Electric Company as mandated by the Coastal Commission. The original proposal included strong recommendations for more complete oceanographic studies and a third year of data collection. These further studies were not funded. This report is divided into three sections: oceanography, benthic invertebrate ecology and fish and zooplankton ecology. (PDF contains 480 pages)

The food and feeding habits of the anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus, in the Gulf of Panama

ENGLISH:The gill rakers of both juvenile and adult anchovetas are long and numerous, with many fine processes which make a very efficient straining apparatus. The stomach is modified into a gizzard. The intestine undergoes heteronomous growth, and attains about eight times the standard length in adults. The stomach contents of 39 samples of juvenile fish and 120 adult fish were examined. Diatoms were the principal food of all the sizes of fish examined, from 29 to 153 millimeters. Silicoflagellates, dinoflagellates, pollen grains, formaniferans, rotifer shells, crustaceans, and eggs, probably of crustaceans, were also found in small amounts. Coscinodiscus, a diatom, was the most important item found in the stomachs of the juvenile fish. No strong differences were observed in the feeding habits of different sizes of juveniles. Even taking into account their smaller size, the juveniles had smaller volumes of material and lesser numbers of organisms in their stomachs than did the adults. The stomachs of the adult fish, unlike those of the juveniles, usually contained considerable quantities of mud. Melosira, Coscinodiscus, and Thalassionema, all diatoms, were the most important organisms found in the stomachs of the adults. The incidence of Melosira was much higher in the stomachs of fish from the areas to the east of the entrance of the Panama Canal than from those to the west. No seasonal differences in the food were observed. The volume of material in the stomachs ranged from almost none to nearly 1.0 milliliter, with an average of a little more than 0.2 milliliter. Twenty-six bottom samples were examined; the organisms found corresponded very closely to those encountered in the stomachs of the adult fish. It is concluded that the juvenile anchovetas are chiefly or entirely filter feeders of the pelagic zone. The adults, however, are mostly iliophagous feeders, but possibly do some feeding upon plankton as well. SPANISH:Las branquispinas de las anchovetas, tanto en las juveniles como en las adultas, son largas y numerosas, can varias protuberancias finas que hacen de ellas un aparato filtrador muy eficiente. El estómago está modificado en una molleja. El intestino está sometido a un crecimiento heterónomo, llega a alcanzar unas oeho veces la longitud estandar en las adultas. Fué examinado el contenido estomacal de 39 ,muestras de peces juveniles y de 120 adultos. Las diatomeas fueron el alimento principal de todos los peces que fueron examinados cuyo tamaño varió entre los 29 y 153 milimetros. Se encontraron también en cantidades silicoflagelados, dinoflagelados, granos de polen, foraminíferos, conchas de rotiferos, crustáceos y huevos, probablemente de crustáceos. Coscinodiscus, una diatomea, fué el alimento más importante encontrado en los estómagos de los peces juveniles. No se observaron mayores diferencias en los hábitos de alimentación en los juveniles de diferentes tamaños. Aún tomando en cuenta su tamaño menor, los juveniles tenian volúmenes más pequeños de material y un número menor de organismos en sus estómagos que los adultos. Los estómagos de los peces adultos, diferentes a los de los juveniles, contenían por lo general considerables cantidades de fango. Melosira, Coscinodiscus, y Thalassionema, todas ellas diatomeas, fueron los organismos más importantes encontrados en los estómagos de los adultos. La contribuciónde Melosira fué mucho más alta en los estómagos de los peces procedentes de las áreas al este de la entrada del Canal de Panamá que la de aquellos provenientes del oeste. No se observaron diferencias estacionales en la alimentacion. El volúmen de material en los estómagos varió de casi cero a cerca de 1.0 mililitros, con un promedio de un poco mas de 0.2 mili1itros. Se examinaron 26 muestras de fonda; los organismos encontrados correspondieron muy cercanamente a los hallados en los estómagos de los peces adultos. Se ha llegado a la conclusión de que las anchovetas juveniles son principalmente ó enteramente filtradoras de alimentos de la zona pelágica. Las adultas, sin embargo, son en su mayoria iliófagas, pero posiblemente se alimentan también de plancton.

Primary production, chlorophyll, and zooplankton volumes in the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: Between 1 October and 17 December 1955 investigations of the physical, chemical and biological oceanography of the Eastern Pacific Ocean in a region bounded approximately by 30° N. latitude, 9° S. latitude, 120° W. longitude and the mainland coast were conducted from the vessels Horizon and Spencer F. Baird of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California. These were part of a cooperative operation, designated for convenience by the code name "Eastropic," in which a vessel of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service worked, during this same period, further west and a vessel of the Peruvian Navy worked further south, offshore from Peru. A vessel of the California State Fisheries Laboratory also conducted certain sub-surface tuna fishing operations and other studies in the same general region as the Scripps vessels. In addition to carrying out a number of special studies related to particular oceanographic features, the Scripps vessels occupied a considerable number of hydrographic stations. The locations of these stations, at each of which were made net-hauls for zooplankton, are shown in Figure 4 and Tables 2 and 3. At some of the hydrographic stations, and in Some places between stations, there were made from the Spencer F. Baird measurements of chlorophyll "a" and of primary production (by the C14 technique), both in situ and in a shipboard incubator. The purpose of this paper is to report on the results of these biological observations. SPANISH: Entre el 1° de octubre y el 17 de diciembre de 1955, a bordo de los barcos Horizon y Spencer F. Baird) de la Institución Scripps de Oceanografía de la Universidad de California, se hicieron investigaciones sobre la oceanografía física, química y biológica del Océano Pacífico Oriental, en una región limitada aproximadamente por los 30° N. de latitud, 9° S. de latitud, 120° O. de longitud y la costa continental. Estas investigaciones fueron parte de una operación que se realizó cooperativamente y a la que se convino darle el nombre codificado de "Eastropic". En ella, durante el mismo período, una embarcación del Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service) trabajó más hacia el oeste, y un barco de la armada peruana más hacia el sur, frente a la costa del Perú. También colaboró una nave del Laboratorio de Pesquerías del Estado de California (California State Fisheries Laboratory), realizando algunas operaciones de pesca de atún en aguas subsuperficiales, y otros estudios en la misma región general que recorrieron las embarcaciones de Scripps. Además de efectuar estudios especiales relacionados con las caracteristicas oceanográficas particulares de la región, las naves de Scripps establecieron un buen número de estaciones hidrográficas. La localización de estas estaciones se indica en la Figura 4 y en las Tablas 2 y 3; en cada una de ellas se hicieron rastreos con redes planctónicas para recoger muestras de zooplancton. En algunas de las estaciones hidrográficas, así como en algunos lugares entre estaciones, en el Spencer F. Baird se hicieron mediciones de la clorofila "a" y de la producción primaria (mediante la técnica del C14), tanto in situ como en una incubadora instalada a bordo. El propósito del presente trabajo es dar a conocer los resultados de estas observaciones biológicas. (PDF contains 44 pages.)

An Economics Guide to Allocation of Fish Stocks between Commercial and Recreational Fisheries

The increasingly intense competition between commercial and recreational fishermen for access to fish stocks has focused attention on the economic implications of fishery allocations. Indeed, one can scarcely find a management plan or amendment that does not at least refer to the relative food and sport values of fish and to how expenditures by commercial and recreational fishermen on equipment and supplies stimulate the economy. However, many of the arguments raised by constituents to influence such allocations, while having an seemingly "economics" ring to them, are usually incomplete, distorted, and even incorrect. This report offers fishery managers and other interested parties a guide to correct notions of economic value and to the appropriate ways to characterize, estimate, and compare value. In particular, introductory material from benefitcost analysis and input-output analysis is described and illustrated. In the process, several familiar specious arguments are exposed.(PDF file contains 34 pages.)

Technologies and Methodologies for the Detection of Harmful Algae and Their Toxins, St Petersburg, Florida, Oct 22-24 2008 : workshop proceedings

The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) Workshop "Technologies and Methodologies for the Detection of Harmful Algae and their Toxins" convened in St. Petersburg, Florida, October 22- 24, 2008 and was co-sponsored by ACT (http://act-us.info); the Cooperative Institute for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Technology (CICEET, http://ciceet.unh.edu); and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC, http://www.myfwc.com). Participants from various sectors, including researchers, coastal decision makers, and technology vendors, collaborated to exchange information and build consensus. They focused on the status of currently available detection technologies and methodologies for harmful algae (HA) and their toxins, provided direction for developing operational use of existing technology, and addressed requirements for future technology developments in this area. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in marine and freshwater systems are increasingly common worldwide and are known to cause extensive ecological, economic, and human health problems. In US waters, HABs are encountered in a growing number of locations and are also increasing in duration and severity. This expansion in HABs has led to elevated incidences of poisonous seafood, toxin-contaminated drinking water, mortality of fish and other animals dependent upon aquatic resources (including protected species), public health and economic impacts in coastal and lakeside communities, losses to aquaculture enterprises, and long-term aquatic ecosystem changes. This meeting represented the fourth ACT sponsored workshop that has addressed technology developments for improved monitoring of water-born pathogens and HA species in some form. A primary motivation was to assess the need and community support for an ACT-led Performance Demonstration of Harmful Algae Detection Technologies and Methodologies in order to facilitate their integration into regional ocean observing systems operations. The workshop focused on the identification of region-specific monitoring needs and available technologies and methodologies for detection/quantification of harmful algal species and their toxins along the US marine and freshwater coasts. To address this critical environmental issue, several technologies and methodologies have been, or are being, developed to detect and quantify various harmful algae and their associated toxins in coastal marine and freshwater environments. There are many challenges to nationwide adoption of HAB detection as part of a core monitoring infrastructure: the geographic uniqueness of primary algal species of concern around the country, the variety of HAB impacts, and the need for a clear vision of the operational requirements for monitoring the various species. Nonetheless, it was a consensus of the workshop participants that ACT should support the development of HA detection technology performance demonstrations but that these would need to be tuned regionally to algal species and toxins of concern in order to promote the adoption of state of the art technologies into HAR monitoring networks. [PDF contains 36 pages]

An annotated bibliography on the biology and fishery of the skipjack tuna, Katsuwonis pelamis, of the Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: The skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis is an important resource of the tropical and subtropical waters of the world ocean. Fishermen of many countries exploit this resource; at the present time, the annual world catch is approximately 200 thousand metric tons. Many fishery experts believe that the skipjack is not being fully utilized while stocks of other tunas are being fished, in some areas, at levels exceeding their maximum sustainable yields. In addition to the importance of skipjack as a commercial fish and as a source of food, there is a small but expanding recreational fishery in some countries bordering the Pacific. This bibliography provides a list of publications pertaining to the biology and fishery of the Pacific skipjack tuna. Papers concerned with food technology, food chemistry, radio-chemistry, and certain other subjects are excluded. The main sources for our publication have been the existing bibliographies of tunas, which are listed and indexed accordingly. In addition, reports of various marine laboratories and other scientific organizations have been checked; these are too numerous to list. We are fairly confident that all major works pertaining to skipjack tuna in the Pacific, printed prior to the end of 1966, appear in this bibliography. Only reports considered to be in permanent form are included. Annotations are based on actual examination of each of the entries listed here. The annotations do not evaluate a paper but serve rather to give a more precise idea of its contents if not revealed by the title alone. If the title sufficed in this respect, no annotation was prepared. A relatively small number of works believed to contain information pertinent to our bibliography could not be examined, but a list of such papers is provided. SPANISH: El atún barrilete, Katsuwonus pelamis, es un recurso importante de las aguas tropicales y subtropicales del océano mundial. Los pescadores de varios países explotan este recurso; actualmente, la captura mundial anual es aproximadamente de 200,000 toneladas métricas. Muchos expertos en la pesquería creen que el barrilete no es utilizado completamente, mientras los stocks de otros atunes son pescados en algunas áreas a niveles que exceden su rendimiento máximo sostenible. Además de la importancia del barrilete como pez comercial y como fuente de alimento, existe una pesquería pequeña recreativa que se está desarrollando en algunos países colindantes con el Pacífico. Esta bibliografía suministra una lista de publicaciones correspondientes a la biología y pesquería del atún barrilete en el Pacífico. Estudios referentes a la tecnología alimenticia, química alimenticia, radioquímica y ciertos otros sujetos son excluídos. Las fuentes principales correspondientes a nuestra publicación han sido las bibliografías existentes sobre atunes, las cuales están enumeradas y catalogadas de acuerdo. Además, se han examinado los informes de varios laboratorios marítimos y los de otras organizaciones científicas; éstos son demasiado numerosos para enumerar. Estamos bastante seguros de que todos los trabajos principales correspondientes al atún barrilete del Pacífico, editados antes de terminar el año de 1966, aparecen en esta bibliografía. Se incluyen únicamente los informes que se consideran permanentes. Las anotaciones se basan en el examen actual de cada una de las entradas aquí referidas. Las anotaciones no evaluan un estudio, pero sirven más bien para dar una idea más precisa de su contenido si el título por sí mismo no lo explica. No se preparó ninguna anotación si el título a este respecto era suficiente. Un número relativamente pequeño de trabajos que se cree tengan información pertinente a nuestra bibliografía no pudo ser examinado, pero se suministra una lista de tales estudios. (PDF contains 227 pages.)

Materials and methods for tagging purse seine and baitboat caught tunas

ENGLISH: The percentages of return of purse seine-tagged yellowfin and baitboat- tagged yellowfin and skipjack subjected to various combinations of treatments were tested statistically to determine the effects of the treatments. For yellowfin the precentages of return differed among sets or dates of release, and were higher for double-tagged fish, larger fish, and fish released soonest during each set. For skipjack the percentages of return differed among dates of release, and were higher for single-tagged fish and fish tagged in plastic-covered cradles. SPANISH: Los porcentajes de retorno de aleta amarilla marcado en barcos cerqueros y los de aleta amarilla y barrilete marcados en los de carnada sometidos a varias combinaciones de tratamientos fueron probados estadísticamente para determinar los efectos de los tratamientos. Con respecto al aleta amarilla los porcentajes de retorno fueron diferentes entre los lances o fechas de liberación, y fueron más altos para los peces con doble marca, peces de más talla y peces liberados lo más pronto durante cada lance. Los porcentajes de retorno del barrilete fueron diferentes entre las fechas de liberación, y fueron más altos para peces con una sola marca y peces marcados en cunas cubiertas con plástico. (PDF contains 41 pages.)

The BACOMA cod-end. History and recent developments in BACOMA cod-end regulations and a proposal for abetter specification of the BACOMA cod-end for Baltic Sea cod fishery

To improve the cod stocks in the Baltic Sea, a number of regulations have recently been established by the International Baltic Sea Fisheries Commission (IBSFC) and the European Commission. According to these, fishermen are obliged to use nets with escape windows (BACOMA nets) with a mesh size of the escape window of 120 mm until end of September 2003. These nets however, retain only fish much larger than the legal minimum landing size would al-low. Due to the present stock structure only few of such large fish are however existent. As a consequence fishermen use a legal alternative net. This is a conventional trawl with a cod-end of 130 mm diamond-shaped meshes (IBSFC-rules of 1st April 2002), to be increased to 140 mm on 1st September 2003, according to the mentioned IBSFC-rule. Due legal alterations of the net by the fishermen (e.g. use of extra stiff net material) these nets have acquired extremely low selective properties, i. e. they catch very small fish and produce great amounts of discards. Due to the increase of the minimum landing size from 35 to 38 cm for cod in the Baltic, the amount of discards has even increased since the beginning of 2003. Experiments have now been carried out with the BACOMAnet on German and Swedish commercial and research vessels since arguments were brought forward that the BACOMA net was not yet sufficiently tested on commercial vessels. The results of all experiments conducted so far, are compiled and evaluated here. As a result of the Swedish, Danish and German initiative and research the European Commission reacted upon this in June 2003 and rejected the increase of the diamond-meshed non-BACOMA net from 130 mm to 140mm in September 2003. To protect the cod stocks in the Baltic Sea more effectively the use of traditional diamond meshed cod-ends with-out escape window are prohibited in community waters without derogation, becoming effective 1st of September 2003. To enable more effective and simplified control of the bottom trawl fishery in the Baltic Sea the principle of a ”One-Net-Rule“ is enforced. This is going to be the BACOMA net, with the meshes of the escape window being 110 mm for the time being. The description of the BACOMA net as given in the IBSFC-rules no.10 (revision of the 28th session, Berlin 2002) concentrates on the cod-end and the escape window but only to a less extent on the design and mesh-composition of the remaining parts of the net, such as belly and funnel and many details. Thus, the present description is not complete and leaves, according to fishermen, ample opportunity for manipulation. An initiative has been started in Germany with joint effort from scientists and the fishery to better describe the entire net and to produce a proposal for a more comprehensive description, leaving less space for manipulation. A proposal in this direction is given here and shall be seen as a starting point for a discussion and development towards an internationally uniform net, which is agreed amongst the fishery, scientists and politicians. The Baltic Sea fishery is invited to comment on this proposal, and recommendations for further improvement and specifications are welcomed. Once the design is agreed by the Baltic Fishermen Association, it shall be proposed to the IBSFC and European Commission via the Baltic Fishermen Association.

A review of the Japanese longline fishery for tunas and billfishes in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, 1967-1970

ENGLISH: This report deals with the Japanese longline fishery for tunas and billfishes from 1967 through 1970, extending the studies made by Kume and Joseph (1969a, 1969b). The distribution of effort and catch is discussed and evaluated, and the changes in apparent abundance are examined. An analysis is made of the sexual maturity and size composition of the fish, and a brief comparison of the size composition of the catches from the longline and the surface fisheries is included. SPANISH: Este informe analiza la pesca palangrera japonesa de atunes y peces espada desde 1967 a 1970, ampliando los estudios hechos por Kume y Joseph (1969a, 1969b). Se discute y avalúa la distribución del esfuerzo y la captura, y los cambios en la abundancia aparente. Se hace un análisis de la madurez sexual y de la composición de talla de los peces y una breve comparación entre la composición de talla de los peces capturados en la pesca palangrera y la epípelágíca. (PDF contains 166 pages.)

TUNPOP: A simulation of the dynamics and structure of the yellowfin tuna stock and surface fishery of the Eastern Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: Three distinct versions of TUNP0P, an age-structured computer simulation model of the eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacores, stock and surface tuna fishery, are used to reveal mechanisms which appear to have a significant effect on the fishery dynamics. Real data on this fishery are used to make deductions on the distribution of the fish and to show how that distribution might influence events in the fishery. The most important result of the paper is that the concept of the eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna stock as a homogeneous unit is inadequate to represent the recent history of the fishery. Inferences are made on the size and distribution of the underlying stock as well as its potential yield to the surface fishery as a result of alterations in the level and distribution of the effort. SPANISH: Se han empleado tres versiones diferentes de TUNP0P, un modelo de simulación de la computadora (basado en la estructura de la edad) de la población y la pesca epipelágica del atún aleta amarilla, Tbunnus albacares, del Pacífico oriental, para revelar los mecanismos que parecen tener un efecto importante en la dinámica pesquera. Se emplean los datos verdaderos de esta pesca para hacer deducciones sobre la distribución de los peces y para mostrar cómo puede influir esta distribución en los eventos de pesca. La conclusión más importante de este estudio es que el concepto de que la población del aleta amarilla del Pacífico oriental es una unidad homogénea, es inadecuado para representar la historia reciente de pesca. Se teoriza sobre la talla y distribución de la población subyacente como también sobre su producción potencial en la pesca epipelágica al cambiar el nivel y distribución del esfuerzo.

The contribution of fish intake, aquaculture, and small-scale fisheries to improving nutrition security: a literature review

Much of fish consumed by the poor are caught by household members and traded in local markets. These fish are rarely or poorly included in national statistics, and it is therefore difficult to estimate precisely the real contribution of fish to the rural poor households. This report is the first global overview of the role played by fish in improving nutrition. Fish consumption patterns of the poor, the nutritional value of fish, and small-scale fisheries and aquaculture activities are considered. It also highlights the gap in knowledge where more research is needed.

Aspects of the fishing industry and an overview of artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices for increasing fisheries output and viability in Nigeria

Aspects of the Nigerian fishing industry are outlined to explain the concept of fishing systems viability which is often influenced by a combination of factors including biological productivity, as well as technical, economic and social factors. The productivity of the aquatic environments can be increased by the construction and installation of artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices. These man-made structures provide shelters, food and breeding grounds for fin fish and shell fish. The habitat enhancement techniques are appropriate, efficient, cheap and simple strategic options for increase in fish production. Recommendations for effective utilization and long term management are outlined.

Prospects and problems of rice-fish culture in Nigeria

This paper examines fish demand and supply and looks at on-going research works in rice-cum-fish culture in Nigeria. It examines all the pre-requisites for adopting this farming system. Economic and Financial analysis were made using experimental plots at two ecological zones of Nigeria. This farming system, which has reached advanced stage in most of Asian countries, could well be practiced in Nigeria to assist farmers to harvest both protein (from fish) and carbohydrate from rice and thereby to improve their standards of live