Adoption of simple technologies for poverty alleviation

Several technologies have been disseminated to the rural populace of which few were adoptable while others were above their reaches. The adoption-rejection behaviour of the people of Monai community formed the basis for this study. Twenty women fish processors were interviewed using standard questionnaire. The study discovered that the women fish processors used the new introduced Better Life Programme Banda in rotation for even coverage. The use of new Banda has a positive effect on the quantity of fish processed and income. Additional two basins were processed on weekly basis with an income of N1,000.00 over the previous processing technology. No women processor however had the new Banda on individual basis for cost. Hence rural people adopt a technology that is cheap and simple but conforming to their traditional practices and values. Therefore any innovation intended for the rural populace should take cognizance of their socio-economic and cultural factors

Information science and the scientist. A look at information requirements and the technologies available to scientists in the pursuit of information

A review article looking at the type of information requirements commonly shared by scientists and their use of traditional information services. Areas covered include primary requirements of IFE (Institute of Freshwater Ecology) staff, pure versus applied research, informal and personal sources of information, and traditional library and information services. It goes on to describe how research into information systems and technology may improve the wider accessibility and use of information to the scientific community. Technologies covered include online databases, telecommunications, gateways, expert systems, optical technology and applications of CDROM.

Impact of development and dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA) Technologies in Malawi

Malawi is a small but densely populated country in Southern Africa. Fish is an important part of the nutrition of Malawians, providing essential protein and micronutrients. However, per capita fish consumption has halved over the ten-year period between 1988 to 1998 due to over-fishing in the lakes and doubling of the population since the 1970s, accompanied by an increase in the price of fish. This has worsened access to food insecurity, especially in rural areas, in a country where an estimated 66 per cent of the population consume less than the minimum daily calorie requirement. This paper presents an ex-post impact assessment of the development and dissemination of smallscale integrated aquaculture-agriculture technologies by The WorldFish Center and its national and international partners over more than 15 years in Malawi. The impact study measures the effects of these outputs on the degree of integrated aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) technology adoption and diffusion, the effects on farm income and health of household members, and the welfare effects of increased fish supply on the Malawian economy.

The Atlantic and Gulf Menhaden Purse Seine Fisheries: Origins, Harvesting Technologies, Biostatistical Monitoring, Recent Trends in Fisheries Statistics, and Forecasting

With its genesis in New England during the 1800's, the purse seine fishery for Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, expanded south and by the early 1900's ranged the length of the eastern seaboard. The purse seine fishery for Gulf menhaden. B. patronus, is of relatively recent development, exploitation of the stock beginning in the late 1940's. Landings from both fisheries annually comprise 35-40% of the total U. S. fisheries landings, ranking menhaden first in terms of volume landed. Technological advances in harvesting methods, fish-spotting capabilities, and vessel designs accelerated after World War II, resulting in larger, faster, and wider-ranging carrier vessels, improved speed and efficiency of the harvest, and reduction in labor requirements. Chief products of the menhaden industry are fish meal, fish oil, and solubles, but research into new product lines is underway. Since 1955 on the Atlantic coast and 1964 on the Gulf coast, the NMFS has monitored the fisheries for biostatistical data. Annual data summaries of numbers-of-fish-at-age harvested, catch tonnage, and fishing effort of the fleet form the basis of routine stock assessments and annual catch forecasts to industry for the upcoming fishing season. After landings declined in the 1960's, the Atlantic menhaden stock has recovered through the 1970's and 1980's. Exceptional year classes of Gulf menhaden in recent years account for record landings during the 1980's.

Economic and social impacts of Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture technologies in Bangladesh

This study estimated the adoption rate of integrated aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) technologies in Bangladesh and their impact on poverty and fish and food consumption in adopting households. We used a novel, simulation-based approach to impact assessment called Tradeoff Analysis for Multi-Dimensional Impact Assessment (TOA-MD). We used the TOA-MD model to demonstrate how it is possible to use available data to estimate adoption rates in relevant populations, and to quantify impacts on distributional outcomes such as poverty and food security, thus demonstrating ex ante the potential for further investment in technology dissemination. The analysis used baseline and end-of-project survey data from WorldFish-implemented Development of Sustainable Aquaculture Project (DSAP), promoting IAA. This dataset was used to simulate adoption and assess its impacts on poverty and food security in the target population. We found that, if adopted, IAA had a significant positive impact on reducing poverty and improving food security and income.

An investigation of survey technologies and modeling techniques for improving deepwater surveys of nonindigenous species in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Nonindigenous species (NIS) are a major threat to marine ecosystems, with possible dramatic effects on biodiversity, biological productivity, habitat structure and fisheries. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) has taken active steps to mitigate the threats of NIS in Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). Of particular concern are the 13 NIS already detected in NWHI and two invasive species found among the main Hawaiian Islands, snowflake coral (Carijoa riseii) and a red alga (Hypnea musciformis). Much of the information regarding NIS in NWHI has been collected or informed by surveys using conventional SCUBA or fishing gear. These technologies have significant drawbacks. SCUBA is generally constrained to depths shallower than 40 m and several NIS of concern have been detected well below this limit (e.g., L. kasmira – 256 m) and fishing gear is highly selective. Consequently, not all habitats or species can be properly represented. Effective management of NIS requires knowledge of their spatial distribution and abundance over their entire range. Surveys which provide this requisite information can be expensive, especially in the marine environment and even more so in deepwater. Technologies which minimize costs, increase the probability of detection and are capable of satisfying multiple objectives simultaneously are desired. This report examines survey technologies, with a focus on towed camera systems (TCSs), and modeling techniques which can increase NIS detection and sampling efficiency in deepwater habitats of NWHI; thus filling a critical data gap in present datasets. A pilot study conducted in 2008 at French Frigate Shoals and Brooks Banks was used to investigate the application of TCSs for surveying NIS in habitats deeper than 40 m. Cost and data quality were assessed. Over 100 hours of video was collected, in which 124 sightings of NIS were made among benthic habitats from 20 to 250 m. Most sightings were of a single cosmopolitan species, Lutjanus kasmira, but Cephalopholis argus, and Lutjanus fulvus, were also detected. The data expand the spatial distributions of observed NIS into deepwater habitats, identify algal plain as an important habitat and complement existing data collected using SCUBA and fishing gear. The technology’s principal drawback was its inability to identify organisms of particular concern, such as Carijoa riseii and Hypnea musciformis due to inadequate camera resolution and inability to thoroughly inspect sites. To solve this issue we recommend incorporating high-resolution cameras into TCSs, or using alternative technologies, such as technical SCUBA diving or remotely operated vehicles, in place of TCSs. We compared several different survey technologies by cost and their ability to detect NIS and these results are summarized in Table 3.

On farm trial of Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) evolved two aquaculture technologies

Two BFRI evolved aquaculture technologies - integrated rice fish farming and carp polyculture with over-wintered fingerlings under different stocking densities were tested during 2003-04. The study was coordinated with two local NGOs namely NICHAITA and JNDP, Muktagacha, Mymensingh. Integrated rice fish farming technology was demonstrated in 9 plots each having an area between 60-100 dec. during boro season. Fifteen days after transplantation of rice seedlings, fingerlings of rajpunti (Barbodes gonionotus) of 7-10 g of individual weight were stocked in the rice fields at the density of 3,000 (T1), 3,750 (T2) and 4,500/ha (T3). The corresponding final weight of fish after three and half months in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 110±14.21, 101±16.55 and 86±22.28 g, respectively. The mean weight of fish in treatments 1 and 2 was significantly higher than treatment 3. Fish production obtained from treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 218.16±18.29, 239.70±25.11 and 236±24.66 kg/ha, respectively. On-farm demonstrations of carp polyculture using over-wintered fingerlings rohu (25-28 g), catla (24-26 g), mrigal (21-26 g) and grass carp (20-24 g) under different stocking densities were undertaken in nine earthen ponds (1,200-1,600 square meters) for a period of six months at three different stocking densities. The stocking densities of treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2) and treatment 3 (T3) were 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000/ha, respectively. Fish were fed with rice bran and mustard oil cake (3:1). Soft green grass and banana leaves were provided mainly for grass carp. At harvest, the production obtained in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 2,325±74.75, 2,620±49.66 and 2,982± 171.52 kg/ha, respectively. The results demonstrated higher growth of fish in treatment 1 than those of treatments 2 and 3. However, treatment 3 contributed relatively higher production than those of treatments 1 and 2, whereas, highest net benefit was received from treatment 2.

Economic analysis of carp based culture technologies in selected areas of Bangladesh

Six carp based culture technologies such as, carp-pangas, carp polyculture, carp-golda, pangas monoculture, golda monoculture and nursery have been selected to determine the cost and returns of respective technologies in Bangladesh. The sample farmers selected for these technologies were 55, 100, 65, 50, 51 and 55 respectively and thus the total sample size stood at 376. The study covered 7 districts of Bangladesh, namely, Mymensingh, Bogra, Noakhali, Comilla, Jessore, Khulna and Bagerhat. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. It was found that farmers used a good number of feeds for the selected technologies and they maintained no standard doses for them. Remarkable differences were found among the prices of different feeds and other inputs used for different technologies in different locations. Prices of all inputs were found to be increasing and this increase was more in recent years compared to previous years. Though all the technologies were found to be profitable, the feed situation was not satisfactory. Except rice polish all the local feeds showed deficit in supply to meet the national demand for the country. If this situation persists and no proper measures are taken to secure the local feed supply, the present development of supplementary feed-based aquaculture would be fully dependent on imported feeds and would not be sustainable in future. This study strongly suggests the corresponding authority to handle the matter with proper attention considering its significant livelihood impact on the economy of the country.

Factors affecting the adoption of aquaculture technologies by the farmers

Purpose of the study was to ascertain the extent of adoption of aquaculture technologies by the farmers as well as constraints faced by them in adopting the aquaculture technologies. The study also explored its relationships with the selected characteristics of the farmers. In addition, an attempt was also made to determine some selected attributes of the technologies and their relationships with the adoption by the farmers. The study was conducted with the farmers of 10 upazilas of greater Mymensingh district who were the beneficiaries of three NGOs viz. SARA, ORD, and GRAMAUS. There were 351,241 and 249 beneficiaries under SARA, ORD and GRAMAUS, respectively who adopted the aquaculture technologies under DSAP. About 25% farmers from each of the three NGOs were selected for the study. The total sample size was 212. Pre-designed and pre-tested interview schedules were used for collecting data from the farmers. Field data were collected from the farmers during August-September, 2004. Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient were computed in order to explore the relationships of the selected characteristics of the farmers as well as selected attributes of technology with the adoption of aquaculture technologies by the farmers. The same statistical test was used to determine the relationships between the selected characteristics of the farmers and their constraints in adopting the aquaculture technologies.

Demonstration of some selected aquaculture technologies under farming system research in Jessore and Santahar, Bangladesh

BFRI evolved some selected aquaculture technologies viz. polyculture of carps in perennial ponds, monoculture of short cycled fish species (BFRI super strain) in seasonal ponds and prawn seed production through backyard hatchery system have been demonstrated under Farming System Research (FSR) component in Jessore and Santahar regions. Both polyculture of carps and monoculture of short cycled fish species technologies were tested in farmer's ponds in Kaium Kula village near Jessore town. In polyculture trials, seven species comprising of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molirrix), catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) and silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) were stocked @ 9,500 (ratio 6:2:4:2:1:5:5); 10,750 (ratio 6:2:4:2:1:5:5) and 12,000 (ratio 6:2:4:2:1:5:4) fish/ha respectively in ponds of T1, T2 and T3 having three replications of each. The mean highest fish production was 3,148 kg/ha in T3, followed by 2,899 kg/ha in T1 and 2,875 kg/ha in T2. Production of T3 was significantly different (P<0.05) than both T1 and T2, while there was no significant differences (P>0.05) between the production of T1 and T2. In case of trial of short cycled fish species, two treatments were tested: T1 (comprising of BFRI super strain of Nile tilapia, silver carp, common carp and silver barb; ratio 3:5:1:1) and T2 (having only BFRI super strain of Nile tilapia). Stocking density in both the treatments were same (20,000 fish/ha). In this trial average production was higher in T1 (2,743 kg/ha) than that of T2 (2,369 kg/ha) but the production figure in these two treatments was not significantly different (P>0.05). Demonstration of backyard prawn hatchery technology was tested at Santahar region of Bogra district, North-west part of Bangladesh. This hatchery consisted of three main components i) bio-filter, ii) rearing tank unit (chari) and iii) air blower/air pump unit. Plastic drum of 200-250 l capacity and cemented chari of 200-250 l capacity were used as bio-filter and larval rearing containers respectively. A 0.5 hp air blower with 6 aquarium air pump were used to operate the aeration system in the hatchery. Diluted sea water (10-12 ppt) made from brine solution (200-250 ppt) collected from salt-bed was used in the backyard hatchery system of hatching of eggs and rearing of larvae. Rearing of first stage zoea-larvae was reared in three rearing tanks following the stocking densities of 40, 50 and 60/l of water respectively. Production of post-larvae were 20±0.82, 22±1.12 and 28±1.63/liter of water in treatments I, II and III respectively in 38, 40 and 39 days rearing period.

Aquaculture technologies in Bangladesh: an assessment of technical and economic performance and producer behavior

This study evaluates the performance of a wide range of aquaculture systems in Bangladesh. It is by far the largest of its kind attempted to date. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the most important production systems, rather than to provide a nationally representative overview of the entire aquaculture sector of Bangladesh. As such, the study yields a huge amount of new information on production technologies that have never been thoroughly researched before. The study reveals an extremely diverse array of specialized, dynamic and rapidly evolving production technologies, adapted to a variety of market niches and local environmental conditions. This is a testament to the innovativeness of farmers and other value chain actors who have been the principal drivers of this development in Bangladesh. Data was collected from six geographical hubs. This survey was conducted from November 2011 to June 2012. Technological performance in terms of detailed input and output information, fish management practices, credit and marketing, and social and environmental issues were captured by the survey questionnaire, which had both open and closed format questions. The study generated insights that enable better understanding of aquaculture development in Bangladesh.