Overfishing, uncertainty, and ocean governance: Lord Perry's question revisited

“Why does overfishing persist in the face of regulation?” The author argues that over fishing,a fundamental cause of the crisis facing our oceans, is the result of the failure of our fishing management agencies (ultimately our politicians and communities) to embrace a small suite of powerful tools (more correctly strategic approaches) which have been developed to account for uncertainty. Broad success in managing fisheries to achieve sustainability goals will only come if these tools are enthusiastically applied. This will not happen until organisational cultures within fishery management agencies undergo a major shift leading to an asset-based biodiversity conservation, rather than resource exploitation, to be placed at the centre of ocean governance.This thesis examines these issues in the context of case studies covering regional, national and provincial (State) fishery management agencies. With the exception of the case study of a regional fishery (the southern ocean krill fishery) all case studies are drawn from Australian experiences. The central recommendation of the thesis is that fishery management agencies, worldwide, should be replaced by biodiversity asset management agencies.

Workshop on Customary Institutions in Indonesia: Do They Have a Role in Fisheries Coastal Area Management? Report 2-5 August 2009, Lombok, Indonesia

Sixty delegates from Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and India met at Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB, West Nusa Tenggara) province, Indonesia, during 2-5 August 2009, for the workshop on “Customary Institutions in Indonesia: Do They Have a Role in Fisheries and Coastal Area Management?”. The workshop was organized by the International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF), in co-operation with Indonesia’s Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) and the Provincial Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DKP) of the Government of NTB. (PDF contains 68 pages)

Meso-scale transboundary units for the management of coral reefs in the South China Sea area

Local communities and local government units are recognized as the primary stakeholders and participants in the management of coral reef resources and the primary beneficiaries of small-scale fishing activities in the nearshore areas of the coastal zone. The issues relating to the management of the coastal zone are multi-faceted and some issues are largely intertwined with national policy and development goals. Thus, national governments have jurisdiction over these nearshore coastal resources to harmonize policies, monitor resource use and provide incentives for sustainable use. However, the natural boundaries of these reef resources, the processes that support reef ecosystems, and the local or national affiliation of the people who benefit from them may transcend the boundaries of the local and national management units. Therefore, efforts to arrest the decline in fish catch and loss of biodiversity for reefs require management interventions and assessment activities to be carried out at varying scales. In Southeast Asia, some aspects of reef and reef resources management — particularly in deciding the allocation of catch among competing fisheries, development of sustainable harvest strategies, use of broodstock for restocking or stock enhancement programs, protection of nursery and spawning areas, designation of systems of marine protected areas, and the identification of representative, adequate and comprehensive areas for biodiversity conservation in the region — may require the definition of larger management units. At the regional level, multi-country initiatives will need to define units for the transboundary management of resources. The use of large marine ecosystems (LMEs) to identify and manage fisheries resources may be a starting point; however, given the relatively sedentary nature of coral reef-dwelling and reef-associated organisms compared with other pelagic and demersal species, meso-scale transboundary units within the LMEs have to be defined. This paper provides suggestions for transboundary management units for coral reef and reef-associated resources in Southeast Asia based on information from genetic structures of model organisms in the region. In addition, specific reef areas are identified, which may be important beyond their national boundaries, as potential sources of recruits.

The impacts of El Nino on Philippine fisheries

The El Nino phenomenon is an "anomalous climatic condition in the tropical Pacific region which occurs every two to seven years and affects the global climate". There is a greater increase in the water surface temperature of the eastern tropical and central tropical Pacific during an El Nino episode relative to that of the western tropical Pacific. The phenomenon causes fluctuations in rainfall, resulting in drought in some areas and heavy rainfall in others. During the El Nino of 1990-1992, the damage caused by the drought in the Philippines was estimated to be P4.1 billion (PhP24 = US$1). While the damage to agriculture is well documented, the impact on fisheries has not been considered. The impacts of the El Nino episode of 1997-1998 were assessed in the Philippines by the filed personnel of the Department of Agriculture and representatives of the private sector in the 15 regions of the country. Data on the losses caused by the phenomenon were obtained from interviews, surveys and reports of local government units and provincial agricultural offices for the period October 1997-June 1998. The effects of El Nino on aquaculture, marine fisheries and inland fisheries were determined.

William Francis Thompson (1888–1965): a Preeminent Fishery Biologist of the Early and Mid Twentieth Century

William Francis Thompson (1888–1965) was a preeminent fishery scientist of the early to mid twentieth century. Educated at Stanford University in California (B.A. 1911, Ph.D. 1930), Thompson conducted pioneering research on the Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, from 1914 to 1917 for the British Columbia Provincial Fisheries Department. He then directed marine fisheries research for the State of California from 1917 to 1924, was Director of Investigations for the International Fisheries Commission from 1924 to 1939, and Director of the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission from 1937 to 1942. He was also Director of the School of Fisheries, University of Washing-ton, Seattle, from 1930 to 1947. Thompson was the founding director in 1947 of the Fisheries Research Institute at the University of Washington and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1958. He was a dominant figure in fisheries research of the Pacific Northwest and influenced a succession of fishery scientists with his yield-based analysis of fishery stocks, as opposed to studying the fishes’environment. Will Thompson was also a major figure in education, and many of his former students attained leadership positions in fisheries research and administration.

William Francis Thompson (1888–1965) and His Pioneering Studies of the Pacific Halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis

William Francis Thompson (1888–1965), as a temporary employee of the British Columbia Provincial Fisheries Department, was assigned in 1914 to under-take full-time studies of the Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis. The fishery was showing signs of depletion, so Thompson undertook the inquiry into this resource, the first intensive study on the Pacific halibut. Three years later, Thompson, working alone, had provided a basic foundation of knowledge for the subsequent management of this resource. He published seven land-mark papers on this species, and this work marked the first phase of a career in fisheries science that was to last nearly 50 years.

William Francis Thompson (1888–1965) and His Pioneering Studies of the Pacific Halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis

William Francis Thompson (1888–1965), as a temporary employee of the British Columbia Provincial Fisheries Department, was assigned in 1914 to under-take full-time studies of the Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis. The fishery was showing signs of depletion, so Thompson undertook the inquiry into this resource, the first intensive study on the Pacific halibut. Three years later, Thompson, working alone, had provided a basic foundation of knowledge for the subsequent management of this resource. He published seven land-mark papers on this species, and this work marked the first phase of a career in fisheries science that was to last nearly 50 years.

Coastal States and Distant-water Fishing Nation Relations: An Economist's Perspective

The widespread implementation of Extended Fisheries Jurisdiction (EFJ) has confronted coastal states with several resource management problems. One of these consists of the economic relations, if any, that the coastal state should establish with distant-water fishing nations (DWFN's) seeking access to the coastal state's 200-mile zone. Several of the other papers presented here deal with specific aspects of the issue. This paper, on the other hand, will concern itself with the question of the analytical framework to be used by economists in studying this issue. It will offer some suggestions with respect to possible components of the framework. In doing so, the paper will restrict itself to the coastal state's perspective of EFJ and the management issues arising therefrom. It goes without saying, of course, that an enlightened coastal state will attempt to acquaint itself with the DWFN view of the world.

Canadian, Mexican, and U. S. Fisheries: Recent Developments

The creation of extended zones (EEZ's) has shifted some aspects of fisheries management and policy from the arena of international negotiations to the economic and political decision making process within the coastal state. The transition from a world of international commons to one of coastal state jurisdiction raises a variety of issues. The one of concern here is a broad welfare question: Given the transfer of assets from the international commons to the coastal state, how well (efficiently) has the state used these new assets to increase the flow of income and Gross National Product (GNP)?

Research in Global Groundfish Markets: An Exercise in International Cooperation

Over roughly the last decade, most of the fishery resources of the continental shelf and nearshore areas of the world's oceans have come under the control of coastal nations. One consequence of this extension of fisheries jurisdiction (EFJ) by any individual state has been the expansion of its production possibilities. That is, with strengthened property rights in the ocean resources off its shores, a coastal nation experiences increased opportunities to produce goods and services from its newly enlarged pool of resources. Such a nation, then, would appear to be a potential gainer from EFJ.

Lista de los peces de la provincia de Catamarca

Esta serie tiene como finalidad dar a conocer las especies presentes en los diferentes estados provinciales. Tomando como base los trabajos de López et al., (2003); Reis et al., (2003); Liotta (2006) y Ferraris (2007) actualizamos el elenco ictiofaunístico de cada territorio provincial. No se realizan, con excepción del nombre vulgar y localidad tipo, comentarios y/o observaciones de las especies señaladas ya que estos se encuentran en la bibliografía adjunta. Se incluyen dos tablas que contienen información sobre especies introducidas y de aquellas de presencia dudosa o que requieran confirmación en el territorio provincial. Para éstas últimas se cita el trabajo que las menciona por vez primera. Consideramos que este modesto aporte contribuirá a precisar el conocimiento ictiofaunístico regional ya que además de la lista de especies, presentamos el marco biogeográfico e hídrico correspondiente. Por otra parte entendemos que la participación de autores involucrados en la región considerada, le da un verdadero sentido federal a esta contribución, además de reforzar vínculos en los protagonistas de nuestra especialidad. En este nuevo número presentamos la provincia de Catamarca que se encuentra enclavada en el centro-oeste de nuestro territorio, limitada por Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Córdoba y La Rioja. Uno de los grupos mas representativos del sistema hidrográfico de Catamarca es el de los Trichomycteridae (López, 1992). Esta familia es un ejemplo de alta diversificación en áreas restringidas. Presentan una extensa distribución latitudinal y altitudinal, algunas especies viviendo en el Altiplano boliviano, a más de 4000 m s.n.m., y otras en ambientes de llanura. Las especies de esta familia poseen alta sensibilidad a cualquier alteración del medio en que viven. Por ello, los cambios que se pudieran producir en su hábitat provocarían efectos directos sobre sus poblaciones (López et al., 1996; Monasterio de Gonzo et al., 2011). Podemos afirmar que el conocimiento de la ictiofauna de la provincia de Catamarca comienza a tomar forma a partir de fines del siglo XX ya que se produce un incremento en los relevamientos de su red hidrográfica, dando como resultado una ampliación del número de especies presentes en su territorio, sumándose desde el trabajo de Berg (1895), 24 especies de las cuales 5 son endémicas.

Lista de los peces de la provincia de La Rioja

Esta serie tiene como finalidad dar a conocer las especies presentes en los diferentes estados provinciales. Tomando como base los trabajos de López et al., (2003); Reis et al., (2003); Liotta (2006) y Ferraris (2007) actualizamos el elenco ictiofaunístico de cada territorio provincial. No se realizan, con excepción del nombre vulgar y localidad tipo, comentarios y/o observaciones de las especies señaladas ya que estos se encuentran en la bibliografía adjunta. Se incluyen dos tablas que contienen información sobre especies introducidas y de aquellas de presencia dudosa o que requieran confirmación en el territorio provincial. Para éstas últimas se cita el trabajo que las menciona por vez primera. Consideramos que este modesto aporte contribuirá a precisar el conocimiento ictiofaunístico regional ya que además de la lista de especies, presentamos el marco biogeográfico e hídrico correspondiente. Por otra parte entendemos que la participación de autores involucrados en la región considerada, le da un verdadero sentido federal a esta contribución, además de reforzar vínculos en los protagonistas de nuestra especialidad. En este nuevo número presentamos la provincia de La Rioja que se encuentra enclavada en el centro-oeste de nuestro territorio, limitada por Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis y San Juan. La familia Trichomycteridae es uno de los grupos más representativos del sistema hidrográfico de La Rioja adaptados a vivir en elevada altura y arroyos que ocasionalmente permanecen alimentados por el deshielo (López, et al., 2002). Esta familia es un ejemplo de gran adaptabilidad siendo capaz de vivir en ambientes de llanura como los de la Provincia de los Grandes Ríos (López et al., 2008) así como también en arroyos cordilleranos a más de 4000 m de elevación. A las 6 especies citadas por Liotta (2006: pág. 668) para la provincia de La Rioja debemos agregar 10, de las cuales 3 son endémicas y 4 son introducidas (Tabla I).

Lista de los peces de la provincia de San Juan

Esta serie tiene como finalidad dar a conocer las especies presentes en los diferentes estados provinciales. Tomando como base los trabajos de López et al., (2003); Reis et al., (2003); Liotta (2006) y Ferraris (2007) hemos actualizado el elenco ictiofaunístico en cada territorio provincial, siguiendo la macrosistemática de Nelson (2006). No se realizan, con excepción del nombre vulgar y localidad tipo, comentarios ni observaciones sobre las especies señaladas ya que estos se encuentran en la bibliografía adjunta. Se incluyen dos tablas que contienen información sobre especies introducidas y de aquellas de presencia dudosa o que requieren confirmación en el territorio provincial. En este último caso se cita el trabajo que las menciona por primera vez. Consideramos que este modesto aporte contribuirá a precisar el conocimiento ictiofaunístico regional ya que además de la lista de especies, presentamos el marco biogeográfico e hídrico correspondiente. Por otra parte, entendemos que la participación de autores involucrados en la región considerada, le da un verdadero sentido federal a esta contribución, además de reforzar vínculos entre los protagonistas de nuestra especialidad. En este nuevo número, presentamos la provincia de San Juan que se encuentra enclavada en el centro-oeste de nuestro territorio, limitada por las provincias de La Rioja, Mendoza y San Luis. Se presenta por primera vez una lista exhaustiva de la ictiofauna de la provincia de San Juan basada en la revisión bibliográfica y de material de referencia de las colecciones Ictiológicas de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan y del Museo de La Plata. Se citan 21 especies, de las cuales 15 no habían sido mencionadas con anterioridad (Arratia et al., 1983; Murúa y Acosta, 1997; Liotta, 2006). Ocho especies han sido introducidas principalmente con fines deportivos. Se menciona la presencia de Percichthys chilensis, lo que constituiría el primer registro formal de esta especie ya que López-Arbarello (2004) la menciona para el Río Tunuyán (Mendoza), sin material de referencia.

Our living oceans: report on the status of U.S. living marine resources, 6th edition

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is dedicated to the stewardship of living marine resources (LMR’s). This is accomplished through science-based conservation and management, and the promotion of healthy ecosystems. As a steward, NMFS has an obligation to conserve, protect, and manage these resources in a way that ensures their continuation as functioning components of healthy marine ecosystems, affords economic opportunities, and enhances the quality of life for the American public. In addition to its responsibilities within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), NMFS plays a supportive and advisory role in the management of LMR’s in the coastal areas under state jurisdiction and provides scientific and policy leadership in the international arena. NMFS also implements international measures for the conservation and management of LMR’s, as appropriate.NMFS receives its stewardship responsibilities under a number of Federal laws. These include the Nation’s primary fisheries law, the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. This law was first passed in 1976, later reauthorized as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act in 1996, and reauthorized again on 12 January 2007 as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act (MSRA). The MSRA mandates strong action to conserve and manage fishery resources and requires NMFS to end overfishing by 2010 in all U.S. commercial and recreational fisheries, rebuild all overfished stocks, and conserve essential fish habitat.

Coral reef ecosystems of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands: spatial and temporal patterns in fish and benthic communities (2001-2009)

Scientific and anecdotal observations during recent decades have suggested that the structure and function of the coral reef ecosystems around St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands have been impacted adversely by a wide range of environmental stressors. Major stressors included the mass die-off of the long-spined sea urchin (Diadema antillarum) in the early 1980s, a series of hurricanes (David and Frederick in 1979, and Hugo in 1989), overfishing, mass mortality of Acropora species and other reef-building corals due to disease and several coral bleaching events. In response to these adverse impacts, the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Biogeography Branch (CCMA-BB) collaborated with federal and territorial partners to characterize, monitor, and assess the status of the marine environment around the island from 2001 to 2012. This 13-year monitoring effort, known as the Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring Project (CREM), was supported by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program as part of their National Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring Program. This technical memorandum contains analysis of nine years of data (2001-2009) from in situ fish belt transect and benthic habitat quadrat surveys conducted in and around the Virgin Islands National Park (VIIS) and the Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument (VICR). The purpose of this document is to: 1) Quantify spatial patterns and temporal trends in (i) benthic habitat composition and (ii) fish species abundance, size structure, biomass, and diversity; 2) Provide maps showing the locations of biological surveys and broad-scale distributions of key fish and benthic species and assemblages; and 3) Compare benthic habitat composition and reef fish assemblages in areas under NPS jurisdiction with those in similar areas not managed by NPS (i.e., outside of the VIIS and VICR boundaries). This report provides key information to help the St. John management community and others understand the impacts of natural and man-made perturbations on coral reef and near-shore ecosystems. It also supports ecosystem-based management efforts to conserve the region’s coral reef and related fauna while maintaining the many goods and ecological services that they offer to society.