The effect of salinity on some endocommensalic ciliates from shipworms

The ciliates, Nucleocorbula adherens, Boveria teredinidi, Trichodina balakrishnia, Thingmozoon fencheli and Nyctothereus marina, live inside the mantle cavity of the shipworms in the estuaries and backwaters of the south-west coast of India. Seasonal incidence and relative abundance of these ciliates showed that they were more abundant during the low saline than the high saline periods. Even though these ciliates can endure higher salinities through gradual acclimatization of their habitat it was found that they prefer low salinity for active growth and healthy existence.

Studies on the occurrence of enteric bacteria in the estuarine waters along the Mangalore coast

Occurrence of enteric bacteria in water, sediment and shellfishes of Mulki, Pavanje, Gurpur and Netravathi estuaries of the Mangalore coast is reported. 70 water samples, 71 sediment samples and 37 shellfish samples were analysed in 18 months. Total bacterial load in sediment and shellfishes was found to be more than that in water samples. The total bacterial load was not very high. However, enterococci, particularly coliforms in sediments, water and shellfishes were found to be quite high, indicative of faecal pollution. The incidence of Salmonella spp. was recorded in all the estuaries except the Mulki estuary.

Evaluation of heavy metals along the Mediterranean coastal waters of the Nile Delta region, Egypt

This work focuses on four marine sites in the Mediterranean Sea around the Nile Delta, Egypt. Surface water samples were collected seasonally during 2003. The concentrations of some heavy metals in dissolved form (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb) are evaluated. The levels of heavy metals in the coastal waters were 11.92-30.4512µglˉ¹ for Fe; 5.79-17.36 µglˉ¹ for Zn; 0.30-0.83µglˉ¹ for Cu; 0.51-2.90µglˉ¹ for Ni and 0.53-10.31µglˉ¹ for Pb. These are compared, with sites in the estuaries and outlets of the Nile Delta. Fe (19.72-60.33µglˉ¹); Mn (12.63-35.60µglˉ¹); Zn (2.67-22.00); Cu (0.56-1.67µglˉ¹); Ni (1.43-3.73µglˉ¹); Pb (1.72-59.7µglˉ¹). The results showed a remarkable decrease in the concentrations of different heavy metals with increased salinity. Comparing the present data with the minimal risk concentration reported by WQC, the distribution of heavy metals was significantly lower in coastal sea water of the Mediterranean Sea off Egypt. The study indicated also that the average contents of Ni and Pb are slightly high in the area of water exchange than those reported by WQC.

Culture systems categorized: The fundamentals

The article presents the three basic categories of culture systems: open, semiclosed and closed systems. Open system culture generally refers to fish farming in natural bodies of water such as oceans, bays, estuaries, coastal lagoons, lakes or rivers. Semiclosed systems are those in which the culture water makes one pass through the system and is discharged. These are referred to as flow-through or once-through systems. The raceway falls into this category. Closed systems are those where the water is recondtioned and recirculated to culture units. These are also called the closed recirculating systems.

A comparative ecological study on internationally important wetlands of Khoor-e-Kolahy and Tiab

Ecological study on Kolahy and 'flab estuaries were carried out during 1996-1997. Water and sediment sampling was done seasonally. In order to study the physical and chemical characteristic of the water, various animal fauna from different material niches including planktons and fish from water, benthousi from the sediment , and surface living animal such as Arthropod (Crabs) and Waterbirds were identified. I he result shoved, that water salinity of both estuaries was the same as the general salinity existing its the Persian Gulf water, and its variation is same IN those waters Minimum water salinity in both estuaries are seen during Bahairdan or early winter mooth(Jaa.), which is about 31ppt and Maximum is during .rirldlun.) or summer mouth at about 19 ppt. Dissolved otygen and pH are slime as the general Persian Gulf waters., Dissolve Oxygen being directly associated to temperature and its fluctuation is between 7- Sing/I and pH between 7.5-LS. The animals of both estuaries are almost similar having a sal factory species diversity . The birds of the region are often seasonal migrants , the maximum population of which occurs in winter season and the minimum during summer month. Nam coverage is richer in Tiab than Kolahy estuary, where in Kolahy a signal Mangrove tree is in exigence. 'Ile total coverage of Mangrove forest in Tiab is estimated about -29 hec.Both estuaries are included with in the international Ramsar Convention sites in 1971. Due to national importance of these estuaries inproviding refugee for various birds species and also hinting grounds and access traffic for local fishing vehicles, Actiog as an important access for various inhabitancy living with these area of the Persian Gulf. Due to importance or prawn aquacultur for the economical well being of local inhabitance, these areas provide a suitable grandees for prawn production. I-test statistics show, there are no significant difference among various invertebrate and vertebrate animals. In over all out look 21) phytoplankton genera, 21) zeoplankton genera 17 miafauna and 32 roaerofauna genera , 11 different species Carcineacearions and 119 species of walerbirds were identified with in the Tiab and Kolahy estuariesregioos. The X statistic show that the animal density is directly associated to season. Where density of miofauna and maerofauna in both estuaries are in maiticrourn during summer and the minimums existing during the winter season. In addition the bentic invertebrate population density in closlly association to birds population density since , the later, feeds on the former animals. Where the increasing in bird population density during the winter season, the bentic invertebrate animal population density decreases. The over all trend of animal population density in winter tend to increased towards the summer seasons, which this is due to climatic conditions of the region. The bird population on the contrary to other animals of both estuaries tend to increase from summer towards the winter seasons and which this bird population density is in maximum in winter with in the region.

Establishing a mangrove nursery

Mangroves play an important role in creating habitats for a diverse community of organisms ranging from bacteria and fungi to fishes and mammals. They grow in intertidal flats, estuaries and offshore islands. In the Philippines, mangrove forests have dramatically decreased in area since the start of the century, and therefore there is a need to reforest. However, first mangrove nurseries must be established since they serve as sources of planting materials for different mangrove species. Furthermore, nurseries would mean a sustainable source of livelihood for coastal communities because of continuous demand for propagules. A brief account is given of procedures as to the establishment of a mangrove nursery, describing the construction of a nursery, preparation of potting materials, seed collection, seed sowing, and maintenance and protection. Details are provided of the most common true mangrove species in the Philippines. The mangrove nursery is a place for raising and tending seedlings until they are ready for permanent planting. The establishment of mangrove nurseries is in line with government s efforts to rehabilitate the coastal and mangrove ecosystems.