Cellular expression of human centromere protein C demonstrates a cyclic behavior with highest abundance in the G1 phase.

Centromere proteins are localized within the centromere-kinetochore complex, which can be proven by means of immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. In consequence, their putative functions seem to be related exclusively to mitosis, namely to the interaction of the chromosomal kinetochores with spindle microtubules. However, electron microscopy using immune sera enriched with specific antibodies against human centromere protein C (CENP-C) showed that it occurs not only in mitosis but during the whole cell cycle. Therefore, we investigated the cell cycle-specific expression of CENP-C systematically on protein and mRNA levels applying HeLa cells synchronized in all cell cycle phases. Immunoblotting confirmed protein expression during the whole cell cycle and revealed an increase of CENP-C from the S phase through the G2 phase and mitosis to highest abundance in the G1 phase. Since this was rather surprising, we verified it by quantifying phase-specific mRNA levels of CENP-C, paralleled by the amplification of suitable internal standards, using the polymerase chain reaction. The results were in excellent agreement with abundant protein amounts and confirmed the cyclic behavior of CENP-C during the cell cycle. In consequence, we postulate that in addition to its role in mitosis, CENP-C has a further role in the G1 phase that may be related to cell cycle control.

exl protein specifically binds BLE1, a bicoid mRNA localization element, and is required for one phase of its activity.

Localization of mRNAs, a crucial step in the early development of some animals, has been shown to be directed by cis-acting elements that presumably interact with localization factors. Here we identify a protein, exl, that binds to BLE1, an RNA localization element from the Drosophila bicoid mRNA. Using mutations in BLE1, we demonstrate a correlation between in vitro exl binding and one phase of in vivo localization directed by BLE1, implicating exl in that localization event. Furthermore, the same phase of localization is disrupted in exuperantia mutants, suggesting that exl and exuperantia proteins interact. Identification of a protein that binds specifically to an mRNA localization element and acts in mRNA localization opens the way for a biochemical analysis of this process.