Cultural universals: Measuring the semantic structure of emotion terms in English and Japanese

Research is presented on the semantic structure of 15 emotion terms as measured by judged-similarity tasks for monolingual English-speaking and monolingual and bilingual Japanese subjects. A major question is the relative explanatory power of a single shared model for English and Japanese versus culture-specific models for each language. The data support a shared model for the semantic structure of emotion terms even though some robust and significant differences are found between English and Japanese structures. The Japanese bilingual subjects use a model more like English when performing tasks in English than when performing the same task in Japanese.

A Calcium-Selective Channel from Root-Tip Endomembranes of Garden Cress1

A Ca2+ channel from root-tip endomembranes of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) (LCC1) was characterized using the planar lipid-bilayer technique. Investigation of single-channel recordings revealed that LCC1 is voltage gated and strongly rectifying. In symmetrical 50 mm CaCl2 solutions, the single-channel conductance was 24 picosiemens. LCC1 showed a moderate selectivity for Ca2+ over K+ (9.4:1) and was permeable for a range of divalent cations (Ca2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+). In contrast to Bryonia dioica Ca2+ channel 1, a Ca2+-selective channel from the endoplasmic reticulum of touch-sensitive tendrils, LCC1 showed no bursting channel activity and had a low open probability and mean open time (2.83 ms at 50 mV). Inhibitor studies demonstrated that LCC1 is blocked by micromolar concentrations of erythrosin B (inhibitor concentration for 50% inhibition [IC50] = 1.8 μm) and the trivalent cations La3+ (IC50 = 5 μm) and Gd3+ (IC50 = 10 μm), whereas verapamil showed no blocking effect. LCC1 may play an important role in the regulation of the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration in root-tip and/or root-cap cells. The question of whether this ion channel is part of the gravitropic signal transduction pathway deserves further investigation.