Cultural universals: Measuring the semantic structure of emotion terms in English and Japanese

Research is presented on the semantic structure of 15 emotion terms as measured by judged-similarity tasks for monolingual English-speaking and monolingual and bilingual Japanese subjects. A major question is the relative explanatory power of a single shared model for English and Japanese versus culture-specific models for each language. The data support a shared model for the semantic structure of emotion terms even though some robust and significant differences are found between English and Japanese structures. The Japanese bilingual subjects use a model more like English when performing tasks in English than when performing the same task in Japanese.

A carbonic anhydrase from the nacreous layer in oyster pearls.

It is believed that the polymorphism observed in calcium carbonate crystals, such as aragonite and calcite in mollusk shells, is controlled by organic matrix proteins secreted from the mantle epithelia. However, the fine structures of these proteins are still unknown, and to understand the molecular mechanisms of mineralization process, detailed structural analyses of the organic matrix proteins are essential. For this, we have carried out purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of nacrein, which is a soluble organic matrix protein in the nacreous layer of oyster pearls. Northern blot analysis showed that the nacrein transcript was specifically expressed in mantle pallial. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that the protein contained two functional domains: one was a carbonic anhydrase and another was a Gly-Xaa-Asn (Xaa = Asp, Asn, or Glu) repeat domain; however, the carbonic anhydrase domain was split into two subdomains with insertion of the Gly-Xaa-Asn repeat domain between them. Our findings suggest that nacrein actually functions as a matrix protein whose repeated Gly-Xaa-Asn domain possibly binds calcium and as a carbonic anhydrase that catalyzes the HCO3- formation, thus participating in calcium carbonate crystal formation of the nacreous layer.