Globular cluster ages

We review two new methods to determine the age of globular clusters (GCs). These two methods are more accurate than the classical isochrone fitting technique. The first method is based on the morphology of the horizontal branch and is independent of the distance modulus of the globular cluster. The second method uses a careful binning of the stellar luminosity function and determines simultaneously the distance and age of the GC. We find that the oldest galactic GCs have an age of 13.5 ± 2 gigayears (Gyr). The absolute minimum age for the oldest GCs is 10.5 Gyr (with 99% confidence) and the maximum 16.0 Gyr (with 99% confidence). Therefore, an Einstein–De Sitter Universe (Ω = 1) is not totally ruled out if the Hubble constant is about 65 ± 10 Km s−1 Mpc−1.

Sequences upstream of the branch site are required to form helix II between U2 and U6 snRNA in a trans-splicing reaction

Three different base paired stems form between U2 and U6 snRNA over the course of the mRNA splicing reaction (helices I, II and III). One possible function of U2/U6 helix II is to facilitate subsequent U2/U6 helix I and III interactions, which participate directly in catalysis. Using an in vitro trans-splicing assay, we investigated the function of sequences located just upstream from the branch site (BS). We find that these upstream sequences are essential for stable binding of U2 to the branch region, and for U2/U6 helix II formation, but not for initial U2/BS pairing. We also show that non-functional upstream sequences cause U2 snRNA stem–loop IIa to be exposed to dimethylsulfate modification, perhaps reflecting a U2 snRNA conformational change and/or loss of SF3b proteins. Our data suggest that initial binding of U2 snRNP to the BS region must be stabilized by an interaction with upstream sequences before U2/U6 helix II can form or U2 stem–loop IIa can participate in spliceosome assembly.