A User Interaction Bug Analyzer Based on Image

Context: Mobile applications support a set of user-interaction features that are independent of the application logic. Rotating the device, scrolling, or zooming are examples of such features. Some bugs in mobile applications can be attributed to user-interaction features. Objective: This paper proposes and evaluates a bug analyzer based on user-interaction features that uses digital image processing to find bugs. Method: Our bug analyzer detects bugs by comparing the similarity between images taken before and after a user-interaction. SURF, an interest point detector and descriptor, is used to compare the images. To evaluate the bug analyzer, we conducted a case study with 15 randomly selected mobile applications. First, we identified user-interaction bugs by manually testing the applications. Images were captured before and after applying each user-interaction feature. Then, image pairs were processed with SURF to obtain interest points, from which a similarity percentage was computed, to finally decide whether there was a bug. Results: We performed a total of 49 user-interaction feature tests. When manually testing the applications, 17 bugs were found, whereas when using image processing, 15 bugs were detected. Conclusions: 8 out of 15 mobile applications tested had bugs associated to user-interaction features. Our bug analyzer based on image processing was able to detect 88% (15 out of 17) of the user-interaction bugs found with manual testing.

ELECCIONES MUNICIPALES 2016 EN COSTA RICA: CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL MULTIPARTIDISMO Y BAJA CONCURRENCIA A LAS URNAS

Las elecciones municipales del 2016 en Costa Rica reafirmaron la tendencia al desalineamiento político de la ciudadanía, la volatilidad electoral y el repunte de fuerzas políticas alternativas incluyendo agrupaciones locales. Como consecuencia, en los ayuntamientos predominaron, en la última década, instancias pluripartidistas y sin mayorías políticas. Únicamente un tercio de los empadronados emitió su voto en los comicios locales de 2016, una cifra ligeramente mayor que en comicios anteriores. El abstencionismo predominó en las localidades urbanas y más densamente pobladas. Por el contrario, las comunidades rurales sobresalieron por sus mayores niveles de participación electoral. Las elecciones se desarrollaron en un ambiente de normalidad y los resultados reflejaron la voluntad de los electores.