Sensitivity and specificity of the Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire in diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Introduction: Gastrointestinal Short Form Questionnaire (GSFQ) is a questionnaire for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) diagnosis, with a version in Spanish language, not yet compared to an objective test. Aims: To establish GSFQ diagnostic performance against 24-hour pH monitoring carried out in two tertiary care hospitals. Methods: Consecutive adult patients with typical GERD symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation) referred for pH monitoring fulfilled the GSFQ (score range 0-30, proportional to probability of GERD). Diagnosis of GERD was established when acid exposure time in distal esophagus was superior to 4.5% or symptom association probability was greater than 95%. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated and best cut-off score determined, with corresponding sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LR) (95% confidence interval for each). Results: One hundred and fifty-two patients were included (59.9% women, age 47.9 ± 13.9; 97.4% heartburn; 71.3% regurgitation). pH monitoring was abnormal in 65.8%. Mean GSFQ score was 11.2 ± 6. Area under ROC was 56.5% (47.0-65.9%). Optimal cut-off score was 13 or greater: sensitivity 40% (30.3-50.3%), specificity 71.2% (56.9-82.9%), positive LR 1.39 (0.85-2.26) and negative LR 0.84 (0.67-1.07). Exclusion of questions 1 and 3 of the original GSFQ, easily interpreted as referred to dyspepsia and not GERD, improved only marginally the diagnostic performance: AUROC 59.1%. Conclusion: The GSFQ does not predict results of pH monitoring in patients with typical symptoms in a tertiary care setting.

Papel de la serotonina periférica en la secreción de insulina y la homeostasis de la glucosa

La función más conocida de la serotonina (5-Hidroxi-triptamina, 5HT) se refiere a su acción en el Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC). Sin embargo, la mayoría de la 5HT corporal se genera periféricamente, principalmente en las células enterocromafines del intestino. Se ha descrito que la célula β-pancreática posee un sistema serotoninér-gico propio que le permite sintetizar, almacenar, secretar y responder a la 5HT extracelular a través de sus receptores, de los que se conocen numerosos subtipos agrupados en 7 familias (Htr1-7). Interesantemente, la 5HT se libera conjuntamente con la insulina y sólo recientemente se ha descifrado parte de su significado biológico, que incluiría una compleja combinación de efectos intra y extra-celulares que eventualmente podrían jugar un papel en la regulación de la secreción de esta hormona. De forma fisiológica, la expresión de las enzimas involucradas en la síntesis de 5HT y de sus receptores se modifica marcadamente en células β durante la gestación, en coincidencia con un incremento en el potencial secretor de insulina (vía la acción del receptor ionotrópico Htr3a) y un aumento en la masa de células β (vía la acción de receptores Htr1d y Htr2b). En otros tejidos, se ha sugerido que la 5HT procedente del intestino promueve la gluconeogéne-sis hepática y la lipólisis en adipocitos durante el ayuno, por medio de su acción sobre el receptor Htr2b. En conjunto, estos hallazgos sugieren que la 5HT periférica podría tener un rol importante en la homeostasis de la glucosa por medio de la expresión y activación diferencial de receptores de superficie en células clave, tales como hepatocitos, adipocitos y células β-pancreáticas.

Endoscopic band ligation without resection in selected patients for small and superficial upper gastrointestinal tract lesions

Background and aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic band ligation (EBL) in carefully selected patients who would benefit from this method of resection. Methods: Patients with early upper gastrointestinal and small (< 15 mm) lesions treated with EBL (Duette® Multi-Band Mucosectomy) were prospectively recruited and retrospectively analyzed between 2010 and 2015. All cases were discussed in a multidisciplinary cancer committee and it was concluded that, owing to patient conditions, surgery was not possible and that not conducting histology would not change the clinical management. A first endoscopic control with biopsies was planned at 4-8 weeks. If there was no persistence of the lesion, new controls were programmed at 6 and 12 months. Results: The group (n = 12) included 5 esophagus lesions (adenosquamous carcinoma, n = 1; carcinoma squamous, n = 2; adenocarcinoma, n = 2); 4 gastric lesions (high grade dysplasia, n = 1; adenocarcinoma, n = 2; neuroendocrine tumor [NET], n = 1), and 3 duodenal lesions (NETs) (n = 3). The mean tumor diameter was 9.6 ± 2.8 mm (range 4-15). Only one minor adverse event was described. At first follow-up (4-8 weeks), there was 91.6% and 75% of endoscopic and histological remission, respectively. At 6-month follow-up there was 70% of both endoscopic remission and negative biopsies. And at 12 months, there was 100% and 75% of endoscopic and histological remission, respectively. Persisting lesions were T1 cancers. The median follow-up was 30.6 months. Conclusion: EBL without resection is an easy and safe technique that should be considered in patients with multiple morbidities and small superficial UGI lesions.

Synbiotic supplementation promotes improvement of chronic diarrhea of unknown etiology in patient with chronic kidney disease and provides better outcomes in dialysis

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients often have gastrointestinal symptoms which may result in malnutrition and a negative impact on their quality of life. Modulation of the gut microbiota can be a strategy to promote host health and homeostasis. Case report: The authors present a case of chronic diarrhea in a hemodialysis (HD) patient with an unknown etiology. After about one year and several failed interventions, synbiotic therapy was performed. The diarrhea episodes ceased after three months of daily supplementation and both biochemical and nutritional parameters improved. Synbyotic therapy promoted clinical benefits in this patient. Discussion: Therefore, this simple therapy may be a promising alternative in CKD and it should be tested in larger studies.