Relación del Control Glucémico, Función Cognitiva y las Funciones Ejecutivas en el Adulto Mayor con Diabetes Tipo 2: revisión Sistemática

Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia disponible que demuestre la relación que existe entre el control glucémico, función cognitiva y las funciones ejecutivas en el AM con DT2. Métodos: La búsqueda de la literatura se realizó en idioma inglés y español, en 14 bases de datos, Open acces, y en el buscador Google. En base al modelo propuesto por Cooper (2007), para la síntesis de la literatura. Los estudios fueron evaluados para su validez, a través de la guía CASPe para estudios de casos y controles. Resultados: Se analizaron 11estudios de correlación, el 100% de los estudios mostró relación del control glucémico con el deterioro cognitivo y la función ejecutiva en AM con DT2. Los estudios concuerdan que los AM con DT2 presentan deterioro cognitivo, comparado con los AM sin DT2, por lo tanto existe déficit en el AM al realizar las funciones ejecutivas. Conclusiones: Según la evidencia disponible existe una relación significativa en el control glucémico y el deterioro cognitivo en el AM con DT2, así mismo un menor desempeño en la movilidad funcional y la fluidez verbal.

Asociación entre nutrientes y hemoglobina glicosilada en diabéticos tipo 2

Introducción: la hiperglicemia es la característica principal de la diabetes (DM). La restricción de CHO en la dieta presenta el mayor efecto en la disminución de los niveles de glucosa en sangre tanto en DM 1 y 2. Objetivo: asociar la ingesta de macro y micronutrientes con el control metabólico de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Material y métodos: se entrevistó a 714 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 de ambos sexos, entre 27 y 90 años, en centros de salud familiar de Santiago de Chile. Se les aplicó una encuesta alimentaria y una evaluación antropométrica. Se realizó prueba de regresión logística, se estimó además el valor del Odds Ratio (OR) y su correspondiente intervalo de confianza (IC). Resultados: el IMC promedio fue de 30,8 ± 5,7 kg/m², el 29,8% de los sujetos tenía una HbA1c compensada. Se puede observar que solo la ingesta elevada de carbohidratos (percentil 75) se asoció con un incremento en el riesgo de tener HbA1c elevada OR = 2,7 (IC 95% 1,5-4,8; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: la ingesta elevada de carbohidratos de rápida absorción, altos en sacarosa y bajos en fibra se asocia como factor de riesgo en el incremento de HbA1c. La ingesta total de energía y el patrón de alimentación saludable se debe priorizar sobre la distribución de macronutrientes. Es importante la asesoría de un experto en nutrición especializado en diabetes quien, en colaboración con el equipo médico, debe determinar el tratamiento para cumplir con los objetivos individuales del paciente.

Dickkopf1 (DKK1), metabolismo óseo y enfermedad ateroesclerótica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Objetivos: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) se asocia a un incremento del riesgo de fracturas y de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Los objetivos de nuestro estudio fueron evaluar los niveles séricos de Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) en una cohorte de pacientes con DM2 y analizar su relación con el metabolismo óseo y la enfermedad ateroesclerótica (EA). Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 126 sujetos: 72 pacientes con DM2 (edad media de 58,2±6 años) y 54 sujetos no diabéticos (edad media de 55,4±7 años). Se midió DKK1 mediante ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA, Biomedica Gruppe), se determinó la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) mediante absorciometría dual de rayos X (DXA), se registró la presencia de EA (enfermedad cerebrovascular, enfermedad arterial periférica, cardiopatía isquémica) y se evaluó el grosor de la íntima-media (GIM, ultrasonografía doppler) y la calcificación aórtica (radiología simple). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en DKK1 entre diabéticos y no diabéticos. Las concentraciones séricas de DKK1 fueron significativamente mayores en las mujeres de la muestra total (24,3±15,2 vs. 19,6±10,2 pmol/L, p=0,046) y del grupo DM2 (27,5±17,2 vs. 19,8±8,9 pmol/L, p=0,025). Hubo una correlación positiva entre DKK1 y DMO lumbar en la muestra total (r=0,183, p=0,048). Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias en función del diagnóstico de osteoporosis o presencia de fracturas vertebrales morfométricas. Los valores de DKK1 fueron significativamente mayores en los pacientes con DM2 y EA (26,4±14,5 pmol/L vs. 19,1±11,6 pmol/L, p=0,026) y también en pacientes con GIM anormal (26,4±15,1 pmol/L vs. 19,8±11,3 pmol/L, p=0,038). En el análisis de la curva ROC para evaluar la utilidad de DKK1 como un marcador de alto riesgo de EA, el área bajo la curva fue de 0,667 (intervalo de confianza -IC- del 95%: 0,538-0,795; p=0,016). Una concentración de 17,3 pmol/L o superior mostró una sensibilidad del 71,4% y una especificidad del 60% para identificar un mayor riesgo de EA. Conclusiones: Los niveles circulantes DKK1 son más altos en los diabéticos con EA y se asocian con un GIM patológico. Por tanto, consideramos que DKK1 puede estar implicado en la enfermedad vascular de los pacientes con DM2.

Impact of a community-based exercise programme on physical fitness in middle-aged and older patients with type 2 diabetes

Objectives: Physical fitness is related to all-cause mortality, quality of life and risk of falls in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to analyse the impact of a long-term community-based combined exercise program (aerobic + resistance + agility/balance + flexibility) developed with minimum and low-cost material resources on physical fitness in middle-aged and older patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This was a non-experimental pre-post evaluation study. Participants (N = 43; 62.92 ± 5.92 years old) were engaged in a community-based supervised exercise programme (consisting of combined aerobic, resistance, agility/balance and flexibility exercises; three sessions per week; 70 min per session) of 9 months' duration. Aerobic fitness (6-Minute Walk Test), muscle strength (30-Second Chair Stand Test), agility/balance (Timed Up and Go Test) and flexibility (Chair Sit and Reach Test) were assessed before (baseline) and after the exercise intervention. Results: Significant improvements in the performance of the 6-Minute Walk Test (Δ = 8.20%, p < 0.001), 30-Second Chair Stand Test (Δ = 28.84%, p < 0.001), Timed Up and Go Test (Δ = 14.31%, p < 0.001), and Chair Sit and Reach Test (Δ = 102.90%, p < 0.001) were identified between baseline and end-exercise intervention time points. Conclusions: A long-term community-based combined exercise programme, developed with low-cost exercise strategies, produced significant benefits in physical fitness in middle-aged and older patients with type 2 diabetes. This supervised group exercise programme significantly improved aerobic fitness, muscle strength, agility/balance and flexibility, assessed with field tests in community settings.

Influence of magnesium on biochemical parameters of iron and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes

Introduction: Studies have shown that oxidative stress, found in patients with type 2 diabetes, may be due to changes in the metabolism of minerals, such as magnesium and iron. Data related to compartmentalization of these minerals in diabetes are scarce and controversial. Objective: This study assessed the influence of magnesium on biochemical parameters of iron and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A case-control study in male and female subjects aged 27-59 years, divided into two groups: type 2 diabetes (n=40) and control (n=48). Intake of magnesium and iron was assessed by three-day food record. Plasma, erythrocyte and urinary levels of magnesium, serum iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, creatinine clearance and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were analyzed. Results and Discussion: Magnesium intake and plasma magnesium were lower in diabetic subjects. There was low urinary magnesium excretion, with no difference between groups. Although normal, the diabetic group had lower serum iron and ferritin concentrations compared to control subjects. Plasma TBARS in diabetic patients was higher than control while creatinine clearance was lower. An inverse correlation between erythrocyte magnesium and serum iron and ferritin was observed in the diabetes group. Conclusions: Diabetes induced hypomagnesemia and this, associated with chronic hyperglycemia, may have enhanced oxidative stress. Erythrocyte magnesium may have contributed to prevent iron overload and worsening of oxidative stress and hyperglycemic status.

Association between ferritin, high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP) and relative abundance of Hepcidin mRNA with the risk of type 2 diabetes in obese subjects

Obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus share a strong pro-inflammatory profile. It has been observed that iron is a risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between iron nutritional status and inflammation with the risk of type 2 diabetes development in obese subjects. We studied 30 obese men with type 2 diabetes (OBDM); 30 obese subjects without diabetes (OB) and 30 healthy subjects (Cn). We isolated peripheral mononuclear cells (PMCs) and challenged them with high Fe concentrations. Total mRNA was isolated and relative abundance of TNF-αIL-6 and hepcidin were determined by qPCR. Iron status, biochemical, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters were also characterized. OBDM and OB patients showed increased hsCRP levels compared to the Cn group. OBDM subjects showed higher levels of ferritin than the Cn group. TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA relative abundances were increased in OBDM PMCs treated with high/Fe. Hepcidin mRNA was increased with basal and high iron concentration. We found that the highest quartile of ferritin was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes when it was adjusted to BMI and HOMA-IR; this association was independent of the inflammatory status. The highest level of hepcidin gene expression also showed a trend of increased risk of diabetes, however it was not significant. Levels of hsCRP over 2 mg/L showed a significant trend of increasing the risk of diabetes. In conclusion, iron may stimulate the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α and IL-6), and both hepcidin and ferritin gene expression levels could be a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Subjects that have an increased cardiovascular risk also have a major risk to develop type 2 diabetes, which is independent of the BMI and insulin resistance state.

Chromium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes and high risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Introduction: Chromium is an essential trace mineral for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which is currently prescribed to control diabetes mellitus. Results of previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses of chromium supplementation and metabolic profiles in diabetes have been inconsistent. Aim: The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the effects on metabolic profiles and safety of chromium supplementation in type 2 diabetes mellitus and cholesterol. Methods: Literature searches in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were made by use of related terms-keywords and randomized clinical trials during the period of 2000-2014. Results: Thirteen trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Total doses of Cr supplementation and brewer's yeast ranged from 42 to 1,000 µg/day, and duration of supplementation ranged from 30 to 120 days. The analysis indicated that there was a significant effect of chromium supplementation in diabetics on fasting plasma glucose with a weighted average effect size of -29.26 mg/dL, p = 0.01, CI 95% = -52.4 to -6.09; and on total cholesterol with a weighted average effect size of -6.7 mg/dL, p = 0.01, CI 95% = -11.88 to -1.53. Conclusions: The available evidence suggests favourable effects of chromium supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Chromium supplementation may additionally improve total cholesterol levels.