Adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea en futuras maestras

Introducción: La población universitaria española es vulnerable en sus hábitos alimentarios por diversas circunstancias. Esto implicaría en muchos casos el abandono de una dieta tradicional Mediterránea. Objetivo: Determinar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (ADM) de una población universitaria de futural Maestras y analizar diversos factores que pudieran condicionar su calidad nutritional. Materialy métodos: Distribución del test Kidmed a una muestra de 212 universitarias con edades comprendidas entre 21 y 24 años. El índice Kidmed (de 0 a 12) indicaba si la ADM era baja (de 0 a 3), media (de 4 a 7) o alta (de 8 a 12). De cada encuestada se registraba edad, peso, talla e índice de masa corporal, así como la actividad física semanal. Para la comparación de los datos se han utilizado el test Chi cuadrado, la prueba Mann Whitney y ANOVA de un factor utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS 15. Resultados: El 15,1% tenían un índice Kidmed bajo, el 60,4% intermedio y el 24,5% alto. La diferencia entre los diferentes grados de ADM y la situación nutricional (IMC) no existían diferencias significativas. Las diferencias entre aquellas alumnas que realizan actividad física (66%) y no (34%), respecto del índice Kidmed (< 0,05), eran debidas principalmente al desayuno (consumían más cereales y derivados y menos bollería). Conclusiones: El 75,5% de las futuras Maestras necesitaban mejorar su ADM. En general, potenciar un desayuno de calidad y un mínimo de actividad física diaria serían dos aspectos nucleares en la mejora de hábitos. Sería conveniente establecer campañas educativas nutricionales para este tipo de población y máxime teniendo en cuenta su futura función social como educadores.

Impact of parenteral nutrition standardization on costs and quality in adult patients

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a costly therapy that can also be associated with serious complications. Therefore, efforts are focusing on reducing rate of complications, and costs related to PN. Objective: The aim was to analyze the effect of the implementation of PN standardization on costs and quality criteria. Secondary aim was to assess the use of individualized PN based on patient's clinical condition. Methods: We compare the use of PN before and after the implementation of PN standardization. Demographic, clinical and PN characteristics were collected. Costs analysis was performed to study the costs associated to the two different periods. Quality criteria included were: 1) PN administration; 2) nutrition assessment (energy intake between 20-35 kcal/kg/day; protein contribution according to nitrogen balance); 3) safety and complications (hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic complications, catheter-related infection); 4) global efficacy (as serum albumin increase). Chi-square test was used to compare percentages; logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the use of customized PN. Results: 296 patients were included with a total of 3,167 PN compounded. During the first period standardized PN use was 47.5% vs 85.7% within the second period (p < 0.05). No differences were found in the quality criteria tested. Use of individualized PN was related to critical care patients, hypertriglyceridemia, renal damage, and long-term PN. Mean costs of the PN decreased a 19.5%. Annual costs savings would be € 86,700. Conclusions: The use of customized or standard PN has shown to be efficient and flexible to specific demands; however customized PN was significantly more expensive.

Outcomes of a general hospital-based Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) program: report of our experience from a 26-year period

Background: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) was introduced in Spain in the late 1980s. Our hospital was a pioneering medical centre in this field. Aim: Analyze outcomes of our HPN program. Methods: Retrospective study of patients receiving HPN between 1986-2012. Study variables are expressed as frequency, mean ± SD (range), median [interquartile range]. Parametrics, non-parametrics test and survival analysis (p < 0.05) were applied. Results: 91 patients (55 females and 36 males, mean age: 50.6 ± 5 yrs.) who received HPN for an accrual period of 55,470 days (median: 211 days [range: 63-573]) were included. The most prevalent underlying condition was cancer (49.5%), with the commonest HPN indication being short bowel syndrome (41.1%). The most frequently used catheter type was the tunneled catheter (70.7%). The complication rate was 3.58/1,000 HPN days (2.68, infection; 0.07, occlusion; 0.07 thrombosis; and 0.59, metabolic complications). Complications were consistently associated with both the underlying condition and HPN length. Infections were most frequent within the first 1,000 days of HPN. Liver disease incidence was related to HPN duration. HPN could be discontinued in 42.3% of patients. Ten-year survival rate was 42%, and varied across the underlying conditions. Conclusions: In the present series, the commonest reason for HPN was cancer. Our complication rate is in keeping with that reported in the literature. The overall survival rate was 42%, and varied across the underlying conditions.

Assessments of body composition and bone parameters of lactating rats treated with diet containing flaxseed meal (Linum usitatissinum) during post-weaning period

Introduction: There are few studies on body composition and the effects of diet on weight postpartum women. The aim was to evaluate the body composition and bone parameters in lactating rats treated with diet containing flaxseed flour during postweaning period. Methods: After weaning, the lactating rat were divided in control (n = 6) and experimental (F, n = 6) group, treated with 25% flaxseed flour diet. After 30 days, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, serum analysis, organs and intra-abdominal fat mass, femur and lumbar vertebra parameters were determined. Results: The groups showed similar food intake, body mass and bone parameters. While F group showed the following: lower body (-5%), gonadal (-17%), mesenteric (-23%) and intra-abdominal (-6%) fat mass. Increase of HDL-cholesterol (+10%) and lower glucose (-15%), triglycerides (P < 0.05, -37%) and cholesterol (P < 0.05, -21%). Conclusions: The findings highlight the effects of flaxseed for control of adiposity and to maintain a healthy biochemical profile during the postnatal period.

Densidad mineral ósea, calcio dietético y factores presuntivos de riesgo de osteoporosis en mujeres ecuatorianas de la tercera edad

Justificación: La osteoporosis es causa de fracturas patológicas y pérdida de autonomía y validismo en la mujer post-menopáusica. La identificación de factores de riesgo puede servir en la prevención de la aparición de esta co-morbilidad. Objetivos: Determinar la asociación entre la desmineralización ósea y características demográficas, clínicas y antropométricas selectas de la mujer post-menopásica que puedan asumirse como factores de riesgo. Diseño del estudio: No experimental, transversal, analítico. Serie de estudio: 53 mujeres con edades ≥ 60 años atendidas en el Hospital "San Juan" de Especialidades de Riobamba (Provincia del Chimborazo, República del Ecuador). Material y método: Se determinó la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) en 2 regiones de interés (columna lumbar I fémur) mediante DEXA (DPX-L, Lunar Technologies, EEUU). La desmineralización ósea se estableció ante puntajes "t" < -1,0 desviaciones estándar. La cuantía y calidad de los ingresos de Calcio dietético se estimaron mediante el puntaje pCa que tiene en cuenta la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos tenidos como fuente de calcio y la biodisponibilidad del mineral. Se evaluaron la naturaleza y la fuerza de la asociación entre la desmineralización ósea, por un lado, y los factores presuntivos de riesgo de osteoporosis y el estado del ingreso del calcio dietético, por el otro. Resultados: La desmineralización ósea fue dependiente de la región de interés: Fémur: Osteoporosis: 13,2% + Osteopenia: 50,9%; Columna lumbar: Osteoporosis: 49,1% + Osteopenia: 37,7%. Los mayores ingresos de calcio dietético se concentraron en: Leche y lácteos (pCa = 26,56), Carnes, pescados, mariscos y huevos (pCa = 6,51), Frijoles y otras leguminosas (soja incluida) (pCa = 2,85); y Verduras (pCa = 2,54); respectivamente. El puntaje "t" de DMO se asoció con la edad de la mujer, los antecedentes familiares de fracturas óseas, el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), y la grasa corporal (estimada mediante DEXA). Los ingresos de calcio dietético fueron independientes de los factores presuntivos de riesgo de desmineralización ósea, y del puntaje "t" de DMO en las regiones de interés. Las razones de disparidades para las variables asociadas univariadamente con la DMO fueron como sigue: Edad: OR = 2,09 (p < 0,05); IMC: OR = 0,278 (p = 0,059): y Grasa corporal: OR = 0,553 (p > 0,05); respectivamente. Conclusiones: La desmineralización ósea se asocia significativamente con el envejecimiento femenino, y una mayor presencia de la grasa corporal. Los antecedentes familiares de fracturas óseas pueden servir para identificar a la mujer post-menopáusica con un riesgo incrementado de desmineralización ósea. Se deben emprender investigaciones ulteriores para establecer el papel del ejercicio físico y mejores ingresos de calcio dietético como factores protectores de la pérdida de la DMO.

Relación entre condición física y composición corporal en escolares de primaria del norte de España (Logroño)

Introducción: La obesidad infantil es una epidemia que afecta especialmente a los países desarrollados, pero cuyos efectos negativos sobre la salud podrían verse disminuidos por una buena condición física. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de condición física de una población de escolares de una ciudad del norte de España (Logroño, La Rioja), así como analizar las relaciones del mismo con la composición corporal, la tensión arterial y diversos factores socio-demográficos. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo sobre una muestra representativa compuesta por 329 escolares de 11-12 años de las 31 escuelas de la ciudad. Se obtuvieron datos socio-demográficos, antropométricos, tensión arterial, desarrollo madurativo y de condición física. Resultados: Los escolares de género masculino y los normopesos obtuvieron rendimientos superiores en las pruebas de condición física que las chicas y que quienes padecían sobrepeso u obesidad. El 88% de los niños y el 80% de las niñas presentaron valores saludables de capacidad aeróbica, mientras que sólo el 73% de los inmigrantes lo hicieron. Un mayor riesgo de padecer sobrepeso u obesidad se asoció con un menor rendimiento en las pruebas de condición física, encontrándose relaciones inversas entre el porcentaje graso y el volumen máximo de oxígeno (r = -0,524), la fuerza explosiva del tren inferior (r = -0,400) y el rendimiento en velocidad (r = 0,385). Conclusiones: Las relaciones encontradas entre la condición física y la composición corporal ponen de manifiesto la importancia de realizar intervenciones destinadas a mejorar la condición física, especialmente la capacidad aeróbica, haciendo hincapié en los alumnos inmigrantes y de género femenino.

Unusual antibiotic presence in gym trained subjects with food intolerance: a case report

Introduction: Great interest is raising in food intolerances due to the lack, in many cases, of a particular sensitizing agent. Objective: We investigated the serum level of possible new haptens in 15 heavy meat consumers for sport fitness affected by various kinds of food intolerance and who had ever been administered antibiotics in their life for clinical problems. Methods: Forty ml of blood were drawn from each patient and analyzed, by means of an ELISA test, in order to possibly identify the presence of an undue contaminant with hapten properties. Results: Four out of fifteen subjects (26%) showed a serum oxytetracycline amount > 6 ng/g (which is considered the safety limit), 10 of 15 (66%) a serum doxycycline amount > of 6 ng/g and 3 out of 15 (30%) subjects had high serum level of both molecules. Conclusions: Although a direct ratio between body antibiotics remnant storage in the long run and chronic gut dysfunctions and/or food allergy did not reached the evidence yet, the blood traces of these compounds in a food intolerant otherwise healthy population might be considered the preliminary putative step of a sensitizing pathway. Our next goals foresee a deeper insight into the sensitizing trigger from human chronic antibiotic exposure via the zootechnical delivery of poultry food.

Swimming training repercussion on metabolic and structural bone development: benefits of the incorporation of whole body vibration or pilometric training; the RENACIMIENTO project

Introduction: Enviromental factors such as exercise participation and nutrition have often been linked to bone improvements. However, not all sports have the same effects, being non-osteogenic sports such as swimming defined as negative or neutral sports to practice regarding bone mass by some authors, similarly exercise-diet interaction in especific groups is still not clear. Objective: To present the methodology of the RENACIMENTO project that aims to evaluate body composition and more specifically bone mass by several techniques in adolescent swimmers and to observe the effects and perdurability of whole body vibration (WBV) and jumping intervention (JIN) on body composition and fitness on this population and explore posible diet interactions. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: 78 swimmers (12-17 y) and 26 sex- and age-matched controls will participate in this study. Dual energy X-ray, peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography, Quantitative Ultrasound, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, and anthropometry measurements will be performed in order to evaluate body composition. Physical activity, nutrition, pubertal development and socio-economical status may act as confounders of body composition and therefore will also be registered. Several fitness factors regarding strength, endurance, performance and others will also be registered to evaluate differences with controls and act as confounders. A 7-month WBV therapy will be performed by 26 swimmers consisting of a training of 15 minutes 3 times per week. An 8 month JIM will also be performed by 26 swimmers 3 times per week. The remaining 26 swimmers will continue their normal swimming training. Four evaluations will be performed, the first one in order to describe differences between swimmers and controls. The second one to describe the effects of the interventions and the third and fourth evaluations to describe the perdurability of the effects of the WBV and JIN. Conclusion: The RENACIMIENTO project will allow to answer several questions regarding body composition, fitness, bone mass and interaction with diet of adolescent swimmers, describe swimming as a positive, negative or neutral sport to practice regarding these parameters and elucidate the effects and perdurability of WBV and JIM on body composition.

Anthropometric indicators of nutritional status and growth in very low birth-weight premature infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit

Background: Anthropometric indicators are difficult to interpret in very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants, including both appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) infants. Therefore, the purpose was to describe the anthropometric indicators of growth and nutritional status in VLBW premature infants AGA and SGA, hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Study design: The descriptive and prospective study design included 114 preterm infants, adequate for gestational age/small for gestational age hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Head, thigh, mid upper arm circumference, skin-fold measurements and weight/age, length/ age, and weight/length indices were obtained. Correlations were made among the anthropometric indices, and a multivariate regression analysis with weight/age as dependent variable was performed. Results: Weight/age in AGA premature infants had high number of significant anthropometric correlations. The SGA premature infants had few and weak correlations. The regression analysis showed that anthropometric indices better explain changes in the weight/age index in adequate for gestational age premature infants. Conclusion: Weight/age in the VLBW/AGA premature infants could reflect growth, nutritional status and energy stored as fat, but in the VLBW/SGA premature infants, thigh circumference and mid arm circumference would be better indicators just of nutritional status.

Application of body mass index adjusted for fat mass (BMIfat) obtained by bioelectrical impedance in adults

Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) has been one of the methods most frequently used for diagnose obesity, but it isn't consider body composition. Objective: This study intends to apply one new adiposity index, the BMI adjusted for fat mass (BMIfat) developed by Mialich, et al. (2011), in a adult Brazilian sample. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 501 individuals of both genders (366 women, 135 men) aged 17 to 38 years and mean age was 20.4 ± 2.8 years, mean weight 63.0 ± 13.5 kg, mean height 166.9 ± 9.0 cm, and BMI 22.4 ± 3.4 kg/m². Results and discussion: High and satisfactory R2 values were obtained, i.e., 91.1%, 91.9% and 88.8% for the sample as a whole and for men and women, respectively. Considering this BMIfat were developed new ranges, as follows: 1.35 to 1.65 (nutritional risk for malnutrition), > 1.65 and ≤ 2.0 (normal weight) and > 2.0 (obesity). The BMIfat had a more accurate capacity of detecting obese individuals (0.980. 0.993, 0.974) considering the sample as a whole and women and men, respectively, compared to the traditional BMI (0.932, 0.956, 0.95). Were also defined new cut-off points for the traditional BMI for the classification of obesity, i.e.: 25.24 kg/m² and 28.38 kg/m² for men and women, respectively. Conclusion: The BMIfat was applied for the present population and can be adopted in clinical practice. Further studies are needed to determine its application to different ethnic groups and to compare this index to others previously described in the scientific literature.

State of malnutrition in hospitals of Ecuador

Rationale: Hospital malnutrition is a global health problem affecting 30-50% of hospitalized patients. There are no estimates of the size of this problem in Ecuadorian hospitals. Hospital malnutrition might influence the quality of medical assistance provided to hospitalized populations. Objectives: To estimate the current frequency of malnutrition among patients admitted to Ecuadorian public hospitals. Materials and methods: The Ecuadorian Hospital Malnutrition Study was conducted between November 2011 and June 2012 with 5,355 patients (Women. 37.5%; Ages ≥ 60 years. 35.1%; Length of stay ≤ 15 days. 91.2%) admitted to 36 public hospitals located in the prominent cities of 22 out of the 24 provinces of the country. Malnutrition frequency was estimated by means of the Subjective Global Assessment survey. Results: Malnutrition affected 37.1% of the surveyed patients. Malnutrition was dependent upon patient's age and education level; as well as the presence of cancer, sepsis, and chronic organic failure. Hospital areas showed different frequencies of hospital malnutrition. Health condition leading to hospital admission influenced negatively upon nutritional status. Malnutrition frequency increased as length of stay prolonged. Conclusions: Malnutrition currently affects an important proportion of patients hospitalized in public health institutions of Ecuador. Policies and actions are urgently required in order to successfully deal with this health problem and thus to ameliorate its negative impact upon quality of medical care

Interaction between mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) affects the activity of glutathione S-transferase in breast milk: possible relationship with fish and shellfish intake

Breast milk is regarded as an ideal source of nutrients for the growth and development of neonates, but it can also be a potential source of pollutants. Mothers can be exposed to different contaminants as a result of their lifestyle and environmental pollution. Mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) could adversely affect the development of fetal and neonatal nervous system. Some fish and shellfish are rich in selenium (Se), an essential trace element that forms part of several enzymes related to the detoxification process, including glutathione S-transferase (GST). The goal of this study was to determine the interaction between Hg, As and Se and analyze its effect on the activity of GST in breast milk. Milk samples were collected from women between day 7 and 10 postpartum. The GST activity was determined spectrophotometrically; total Hg, As and Se concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. To explain the possible association of Hg, As and Se concentrations with GST activity in breast milk, generalized linear models were constructed. The model explained 44% of the GST activity measured in breast milk. The GLM suggests that GST activity was positively correlated with Hg, As and Se concentrations. The activity of the enzyme was also explained by the frequency of consumption of marine fish and shellfish in the diet of the breastfeeding women.

Política nutricional activa en la implementación del soporte nutricional hospitalario: resultados de un estudio observacional

Introducción: La desnutrición hospitalaria es responsable de altos índices de morbilidad y mortalidad. El objetivo del estudio es describir los resultados de la realización de un programa nutricional hospitalario para la implementación oportuna del soporte nutricional. Métodos: El diseño fue observacional, prospectivo, unicéntrico. Se registraron todos los pacientes adultos ingresados en forma consecutiva a nuestro hospital durante el período enero 2012-septiembre 2013. La implementación del programa nutricional constó de: evaluación nutricional al ingreso; reconocimiento del paciente con indicación de iniciar soporte nutricional; implementación del mismo; monitoreo y seguimiento. Resultados: Ingresaron 1268 pacientes. Se realizó evaluación nutricional por Evaluación Global Subjetiva a 1234 pacientes (97,3%). Se identificaron 821 pacientes (66,5 %) con categoría A, 280 pacientes (22,7%) con categoría B, y 60 pacientes (4,9%) con categoría C. Presentaron indicación de soporte nutricional 269 pacientes (21,8%), de los cuales 227 (84,4%) lo recibieron. De los 340 pacientes (27,6%) que representan la desnutrición global del hospital (categorías B + C), un total de 219 pacientes (64,4%) presentaron indicación de comenzar con algún tipo de soporte nutricional, iniciando el mismo 181 pacientes (82,6%). De los 38 pacientes (17,3%) que no lo iniciaron, 28 pacientes (73,7%) presentaron EGS C, siendo el pronóstico ominoso del paciente el motivo principal de no inicio del SN. Conclusión: La aplicación de un programa para la implementación oportuna del soporte nutricional permitió la evaluación nutricional de un elevado porcentaje de pacientes internados y la correcta utilización del soporte nutricional en una alta proporción de los mismos.

Dietary restraint and subjective well-being in university students in Chile

Objective: To characterize university students typologies according to chronic food restriction, satisfaction with life and food consumption. Materials and method: A questionnaire was applied on a non-probability sample of 369 male and female students from five Chilean universities. The questionnaire included: Revised Restraint Scale (RRS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL) and the Health-related Quality of Life Index. The survey included food and drink consumption habits, weight and approximate height and sociodemographic variables. Results: Two factors in the RRS were detected by exploratory factor analysis: Preoccupation with Diet (PD) and Weight fluctuations (WF). A confirmatory factor analysis validated the bifactor structure of the RRS with an acceptable adjustment kindness. The cluster analysis allowed a distinction of four typologies with a significant variation in PD, WF, SWLS and SWFL scoring, number of days with mental health problems, frequency of alcoholic drinks consumption, restraint on the consumption of certain foods, drinks and spices, consumption frequency of fruit out of the main meals and types. Typologies did not differ on their body mass index. Conclusions: Both, students preoccupied with diet and those who are not, experience higher levels of satisfaction with life and with food. Lower levels of global life satisfaction and satisfaction with food are related with the fluctuations in weight.

Cianocobalamina inhalada: una alternativa terapéutica eficaz y segura

La deficiencia de vitamina B12 o cobalamina es un trastorno nutricional frecuente, cuyo diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz es importante, debido a que es una causa reversible de alteración de la hematopoyesis y desmielinización del sistema nervioso central. La ingesta insuficiente de dicha vitamina junto con las alteraciones anatómicas o funcionales del estómago, páncreas e íleon terminal son las causas asociadas al déficit. Presentamos tres casos clínicos de pacientes con deficiencia de cobalamina secundaria a malabsorción intestinal tras cirugía bariátrica, asociada a mecanismos autoinmunes y a enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal respectivamente, que condicionaba una falta de respuesta al tratamiento con cianocobalamina oral a altas dosis. Además presentaban contraindicación para la administración de cianocobalamina intramuscular por el uso de anticoagulantes orales. En dichos pacientes, el uso de una formulación de cianocobalamina inhalada proporcionó una adecuada absorción de la misma, normalización de las concentraciones séricas de cobalamina y sin la existencia de efectos secundarios.