Use of the energy-release rate in a 2 scale damage analysis of a bonded joint

Stress singularities appear at the extremities of an adhesive bond. They can produce a damage mechanism that we assimilate in this Note to a crack. The energy release rate permits to characterize its evolution. But a very refined mesh would be necessary for a real structure. Using an asymptotic method based on the small thickness of the bond a limit model with a different local behaviour is suggested. It leads to an approximation of the energy release rate

Acute effects of endurance exercise on jumping and kicking performance in top-class young soccer players

The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of endurance exercise on jumping and kicking performance in young soccer players. Twenty-one top-class young soccer players (16.1±0.2 years) performed a countermovement jump test and a maximal instep soccer kick test before and after running for 20 min on a treadmill at 80% of their individual maximum heart rate. Two force platforms were used to obtain the following parameters during the countermovement jump: jump height, maximum power, maximum power relative to body mass, maximum vertical ground reaction force, maximum vertical ground reaction force relative to body mass, and maximum vertical ground reaction force applied to each leg. Maximum vertical ground reaction force and maximum vertical ground reaction force relative to body mass applied to the support leg during the kicks were also calculated with a force platform. The kicking motion was recorded using a three-dimensional motion-capture system. Maximum velocity of the ball, maximum linear velocity of the toe, ankle, knee and hip, and linear velocity of the toe at ball contact during the kicks were calculated. Non-significant differences were found in the parameters measured during the countermovement jump and the maximal instep soccer kick test before and after running, suggesting that the jumping and kicking performances of top-class young soccer players were not significantly affected after 20 min treadmill running at 80% of their individual maximum heart rate.

A fatigue damage model for seismic response of RC structures

Numerous damage models have been developed in order to analyze seismic behavior. Among the different possibilities existing in the literature, it is very clear that models developed along the lines of continuum damage mechanics are more consistent with the definition of damage as a phenomenon with mechanical consequences because they include explicitly the coupling between damage and mechanical behavior. On the other hand, for seismic processes, phenomena such as low cycle fatigue may have a pronounced effect on the overall behavior of the frames and, therefore, its consideration turns out to be very important. However, most of existing models evaluate the damage only as a function of the maximum amplitude of cyclic deformation without considering the number of cycles. In this paper, a generalization of the simplified model proposed by Cipollina et al. [Cipollina A, López-Hinojosa A, Flórez-López J. Comput Struct 1995;54:1113–26] is made in order to include the low cycle fatigue. Such a model employs in its formulation irreversible thermodynamics and internal state variable theory.

Effect of positioning on the accuracy of decision making of association football top-class referees and assistant referees during competitive matches

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of positioning on the correctness of decision making of top-class referees and assistant referees during international games. Match analyses were carried out during the Fe´de´ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Confederations Cup 2009 and 380 foul play incidents and 165 offside situations were examined. The error percentage for the referees when indicating the incidents averaged 14%. The lowest error percentage occurred in the central area of the field, where the collaboration of the assistant referee is limited, and was achieved when indicating the incidents from a distance of 11–15 m, whereas this percentage peaked (23%) in the last 15-min match period. The error rate for the assistant referees was 13%. Distance of the assistant referee to the offside line did not have an impact on the quality of the offside decision. The risk of making incorrect decisions was reduced when the assistant referees viewed the offside situations from an angle between 46 and 608. Incorrect offside decisions occurred twice as often in the second as in the first half of the games. Perceptual-cognitive training sessions specific to the requirements of the game should be implemented in the weekly schedule of football officials to reduce the overall error rate.

A damage model for seismic retrofitting of structures

Numerous damage models have been developed in order to analyse the seismic behavior. Among the different possibilities existing in the literature, it is very clear that models developed along the lines of Continuum Damage Mechanics are more consistent with the definition of damage like a phenomenon with mechanical consequences as they include explicitly the coupling between damage and mechanical behavior. On the other hand, for seismic processes, phenomena such as low cycle fatigue may have a pronounced effect on the overall behavior of the frames and, therefore, its consideration turns out to be very important. However, many of existing models evaluate the damage only as a function of the maximum amplitude of cyclic deformation without considering the number of cycles. In this paper, a generalization of the simplified model proposed by Flórez is made in order to include the low cycle fatigue. Such model employs in its formulation irreversible thermodynamics and internal state variable theory.

Modelización de reacciones químicas en presencia de un campo electromagnético variable

En esta tesis se aborda el estudio del proceso de isomerización del sistema molecular LiNC/LiCN tanto aislado como en presencia de un pulso láser aplicando la teoría del estado de transición (TST). Esta teoría tiene como pilar fundamental el hecho de que el conocimiento de la dinámica en las proximidades de un punto de silla de la superficie de energía potencial permite determinar los parámetros cinéticos de la reacción objeto de estudio. Históricamente, existen dos formulaciones de la teoría del estado de transición, la versión termodinámica de Eyring (Eyr38) y la visión dinámica de Wigner (Wig38). Ésta última ha sufrido recientemente un amplio desarrollo, paralelo a los avances en sistemas dinámicos que ha dado lugar a una formulación geométrica en el espacio de fases que sirve como base al trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis. Nos hemos centrado en abordar el problema desde una visión fundamentalmente práctica, ya que la teoría del estado de transición presenta una desventaja: su elevado coste computacional y de tiempo de cálculo. Dos han sido los principales objetivos de este trabajo. El primero de ellos ha sido sentar las bases teóricas y computacionales de un algoritmo eficiente que permita obtener las magnitudes fundamentales de la TST. Así, hemos adaptado con éxito un algoritmo computacional desarrollado en el ámbito de la mecánica celeste (Jor99), obteniendo un método rápido y eficiente para la obtención de los objetos geométricos que rigen la dinámica en el espacio de fases y que ha permitido calcular magnitudes cinéticas tales como el flujo reactivo, la densidad de estados de reactivos y productos y en última instancia la constante de velocidad. Dichos cálculos han sido comparados con resultados estadísticos (presentados en (Mül07)) lo cual nos ha permitido demostrar la eficacia del método empleado. El segundo objetivo de esta tesis, ha sido la evaluación de la influencia de los parámetros de un pulso electromagnético sobre la dinámica de reacción. Para ello se ha generalizado la metodología de obtención de la forma normal del hamiltoniano cuando el sistema químico es alterado mediante una perturbación temporal periódica. En este caso el punto fijo inestable en cuya vecindad se calculan los objetos geométricos de interés para la aplicación de la TST, se transforma en una órbita periódica del mismo periodo que la perturbación. Esto ha permitido la simulación de la reactividad en presencia de un pulso láser. Conocer el efecto de esta perturbación posibilita el control de la reactividad química. Además de obtener los objetos geométricos que rigen la dinámica en una cierta vecindad de la órbita periódica y que son la clave de la TST, se ha estudiado el efecto de los parámetros del pulso sobre la reactividad en el espacio de fases global así como sobre el flujo reactivo que atraviesa la superficie divisoria que separa reactivos de productos. Así, se ha puesto de manifiesto, que la amplitud del pulso es el parámetro más influyente sobre la reactividad química, pudiendo producir la aparición de flujos reactivos a energías inferiores a las de aparición del sistema aislado y el aumento del flujo reactivo a valores constantes de energía inicial. ABSTRACT We have studied the isomerization reaction LiNC/LiCN isolated and perturbed by a laser pulse. Transition State theory (TST) is the main tool we have used. The basis of this theory is knowing the dynamics close to a fixed point of the potential energy surface. It is possible to calculate kinetic magnitudes by knowing the dynamics in a neighbourhood of the fixed point. TST was first formulated in the 30's and there were 2 points of view, one thermodynamical by Eyring (Eyr38) and another dynamical one by Wigner (Wig38). The latter one has grown lately due to the growth of the dynamical systems leading to a geometrical view of the TST. This is the basis of the work shown in this thesis. As the TST has one main handicap: the high computational cost, one of the main goals of this work is to find an efficient method. We have adapted a methodology developed in the field of celestial mechanics (Jor99). The result: an efficient, fast and accurate algorithm that allows us to obtain the geometric objects that lead the dynamics close to the fixed point. Flux across the dividing surface, density of states and reaction rate coefficient have been calculated and compared with previous statistical results, (Mül07), leading to the conclusion that the method is accurate and good enough. We have widen the methodology to include a time dependent perturbation. If the perturbation is periodic in time, the fixed point becomes a periodic orbit whose period is the same as the period of the perturbation. This way we have been able to simulate the isomerization reaction when the system has been perturbed by a laser pulse. By knowing the effect of that perturbation we will be able to control the chemical reactivity. We have also studied the effect of the parameters on the global phase space dynamics and on the flux across the dividing surface. It has been prove that amplitude is the most influent parameter on the reaction dynamics. Increasing amplitude leads to greater fluxes and to some flux at energies it would not if the systems would not have been perturbed.