4 resultados para social-economic development

em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid


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Water is a vital resource, but also a critical limiting factor for economic and social development in many parts of the world. The recent rapid growth in human population and water use for social and economic development is increasing the pressure on water resources and the environment, as well as leading to growing conflicts among competing water use sectors (agriculture, urban, tourism, industry) and regions (Gleick et al., 2009; World Bank, 2006). In Spain, as in many other arid and semi-arid regions affected by drought and wide climate variability, irrigated agriculture is responsible for most consumptive water use and plays an important role in sustaining rural livelihoods (Varela-Ortega, 2007). Historically, the evolution of irrigation has been based on publicly-funded irrigation development plans that promoted economic growth and improved the socio-economic conditions of rural farmers in agrarian Spain, but increased environmental damage and led to excessive and inefficient exploitation of water resources (Garrido and Llamas, 2010; Varela-Ortega et al., 2010). Currently, water policies in Spain focus on rehabilitating and improving the efficiency of irrigation systems, and are moving from technocratic towards integrated water management strategies driven by the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD).

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The Mediterranean region is one of the world's climate change hotspots. Future climate projections envisage dramatic implications for the agricultural and water sectors that will endanger economic development and lead to natural resources degradation and social instability.

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La ecología no solamente ha puesto de manifiesto problemas ambientales, sino que ha confirmado la necesidad de una nueva armonía entre los propios seres humanos y de éstos con la naturaleza y con todos los seres que la habitan. Es necesario un nuevo contrato que determine nuestras relaciones con la Naturaleza (Serrs1), y una nueva Ética para nuestras vidas (Guattari2). La ética medioambiental nos ha dado una visión universal y supra-generacional de la gestión de la naturaleza y como consecuencia, una nueva forma de construir nuestra ‘segunda’ Naturaleza, que es la arquitectura. ¿Qué es lo esencial que esta nueva ética exige para la arquitectura? Este es un momento crucial para reconsiderar los objetivos de la arquitectura, porque lo ‘eco’ está produciendo grandes cambios. ¿Implica esta era post-ecológica una particular ética, es decir, referida a sus fines y medios? ¿Porqué, para qué, para quién, cómo debemos hacer la arquitectura de nuestro tiempo? Es momento de afrontar críticamente el discurso de la eco-arquitectura, e incluso de repensar los propios límites de la arquitectura. El desarrollo actual del conocimiento medioambiental es esencialmente técnico y utilitario, pero ¿es el reto solamente técnico?¿Es suficiente la suma de lo medioambiental-social-económico-cultural para definirla? ¿Hay claves que nos puedan dar la dimensión ética de esta aproximación técnica-empírica? ¿Sabemos lo que estamos haciendo cuando aplicamos este conocimiento? Y, sobre todo, ¿cuál es el sentido de lo que estamos haciendo? La tesis que se propone puede resumirse: De acuerdo con el actual conocimiento que tenemos de la Naturaleza, la Arquitectura de nuestro tiempo deber reconsiderar sus fines y medios, puesto que la ética medioambiental está definiendo nuevos objetivos. Para fundamentar y profundizar en esta afirmación la tesis analiza cómo son hoy día las relaciones entre Ética-Naturaleza-Arquitectura (Fig.1), lo que facilitará las claves de cuáles son los criterios éticos (en cuanto a fines y medios) que deben definir la arquitectura del tiempo de la ecología. ABSTRACT Ecology shows us not only environmental problems; it shows that we need a new balance and harmony between individuals, beings, communities and Nature. We need a new contract with Nature according to Serres576, and a new Ethics for our lives according to Guattari577. Environmental ethics have given us a universal and supra-generational vision of the management of our Nature and, as a consequence, a new way to construct our ‘second’ nature, which is architecture. What is essential for this new architecture that the new ethics demand? This is a critical moment to reconsider the object of architecture, because the ‘eco’ is making significant changes in it. Are there any specifically ethical concerns (ends and means) in the post-ecological era? Why, for what, for whom, how should we make architecture in our times? This is the time to approach the eco-architectural discourse critically and to question the current boundaries of architecture itself: Where is eco-architecture going? The current development of environmental knowledge is essentially technical and utilitarian, but it is its technical aspect the only challenge? Is the sum of environmental-social-economic aspects enough to define it? Are there any clues which can give an ethical sense to this technical-empirical approach? Do we know what we are doing when we apply this knowledge? And overall, what is the meaning of what we are doing? Exploring this subject, this thesis makes a statement: In accordance with the actual knowledge of Nature, Architecture of our time must reconsider its ends and means, since the environmental ethics is defining new objectives. To support that, the thesis analyzes what the relationships between Ethics –Nature- Architecture (Fig. 53) are like nowadays, this will provide the clues of which ethical criteria (ends and means) must architecture of an ecological era define.

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Este trabajo estudia la validez de la flexibilidad y la polivalencia, en tanto que estrategias de diseño doméstico, para superar los problemas derivados de la coincidencia de dos circunstancias opuestas en el campo de la vivienda social. Por un lado, la existencia en España de un rígido conjunto de normativas de diseño, originado a mediados del siglo pasado bajo unos supuestos culturales e ideológicos distintos a los actuales, que fija una idea muy precisa de hogar. Por otro lado, la creciente variedad de modos de habitar derivada del progreso social, económico y tecnológico de las últimas décadas. La tesis presenta dos partes ligadas entre sí. La primera es una investigación bibliográfica en la que se analizan los diferentes conceptos asociados a la flexibilidad y la polivalencia manejados hasta hoy, se estudian las formas en las que estas estrategias se presentan a través de ejemplos, algunos de ellos muy poco conocidos, y se exponen las oportunidades y los obstáculos para su desarrollo en nuestro país. La segunda parte es una investigación experimental que incluye los estudios de evaluación de dos edificios madrileños de referencia, las viviendas flexibles de Aranguren y Gallegos en Carabanchel y las viviendas polivalentes de la Casa de las Flores, de Secundino Zuazo. En ellos se analizan las ventajas y desventajas de los distintos dispositivos flexibles y polivalentes existentes en dichas viviendas; cómo influyen en la organización de la vida doméstica; cuáles de sus características merecen ser implementadas en nuevos proyectos y bajo qué condiciones. La investigación revela que la flexibilidad ofrece ventajas funcionales objetivas, pero que su generalización en nuevas promociones de vivienda ocasionaría problemas de índole cultural. Por otro lado, la polivalencia es eficaz para dar cabida a nuevos modelos de convivencia, pero choca con las preferencias de los grupos familiares tradicionales. En ambos casos, se proponen soluciones para mejorar su eficacia. ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to assess the validity of flexibility and polyvalence as architectural responses to address some of the issues derived from two concurrent –yet opposing– circumstances in the field of Spanish social housing. On the one hand, the existence of a thick set of rules that strictly defines the form and use of the domestic space. These design norms were originated in the mid-20th century, according to an institutionalised idea of nuclear family and family home that does not match the current social trends in the country. On the other hand, the growing variety of lifestyles and family groups derived from the social, economic and technological progress of the last decades. The thesis is divided into two interrelated parts: The first one is a bibliographic research and an analysis of the diverse concepts attached to flexibility and polyvalence existing in the literature, a study of the ways in which these strategies are practiced in relevant housing buildings, and an explanation of the benefits and difficulties they pose with respect to their development in Spain. The second part is an experimental research including two post-occupancy evaluations in two housing buildings in Madrid: the flexible apartments in Carabanchel by Aranguren & Gallegos, and the polyvalent apartments in la Casa de las Flores by Secundino Zuazo. These studies are aimed at determining the extent to which the flexible and polyvalent elements in these projects are successful, which users take advantage of them and, over all, which of these features deserve to be applied to future developments, and under which conditions. The research indicates that, despite offering objective functional advantages, flexibility cannot be proposed as a general strategy in future subsidised housing developments due to the cultural problems it provokes. Besides, polyvalence is useful to host new cohabitations models, but it clashes with the preferences of traditional family groups. In both cases, several solutions to improve their efficiency are presented.