Project management competence analysis in rural communities through territorial representation: application to Aymara women communities in Puno (Peru)

The acquisition of technical, contextual and behavioral competences is a prerequisite for sustainable development and strengthening of rural communities. Territorial display of the status of these skills helps to design the necessary learning, so its inclusion in planning processes is useful for decision making. The article discusses the application of visual representation of competences in a rural development project with Aymara women communities in Peru. The results show an improvement of transparency and dialogue, resulting in a more successful project management and strengthening of social organization.

Urbanism and dictatorship: perspectives of the field of urban studies

In 1933 public letter to Wilhelm Furtwängler, Joseph Goebbels synthesized the official understanding of the link between politics, art and society in the early steps of the Third Reich. By assuming the ethos of art, politics acquired a plastic agency to mold its objects —population and the state— as a unified entity in the form of a ‘national-popular community’ (Volksgemeinschaft); in turn, by infusing art with a political valence, it became part of a wider governmental apparatus that reshaped aesthetic discourses and practices. Similar remarks could be made about the ordering of cities and territories in this period. Dictatorial imaginations mobilized urbanism —including urban theory, urban design and planning— as a fundamental tool for social organization. Under their aegis the production of space became a moment in a wider production of society. Many authors suggest that this political-spatial nexus is intrinsic to modernity itself, beyond dictatorial regimes. In this light, I propose to use dictatorial urbanisms as an analytical opportunity to delve into some concealed features of modern urban design and planning. This chapter explores some of these aspects from a theoretical standpoint, focusing on the development of dictatorial planning mentalities and spatial rationalities and drawing links to other historical episodes in order to inscribe the former in a broader genealogy of urbanism. Needless to say, I don’t suggest that we use dictatorships as mere templates to understand modern productions of space. Instead, these cases provide a crude version of some fundamental drives in the operationalization of urbanism as an instrument of social regulation, showing how far the modern imagination of sociospatial orderings can go. Dictatorial urbanisms constituted a set of experiences where many dreams and aspirations of modern planning went to die. But not, as the conventional account would have it, because the former were the antithesis of the latter, but rather because they worked as the excess of a particular orientation of modern spatial governmentalities — namely, their focus on calculation, social engineering and disciplinary spatialities, and their attempt to subsume a wide range of everyday practices under institutional structuration by means of spatial mediations. In my opinion the interest of dictatorial urbanisms lies in their role as key regulatory episodes in a longer history of our urban present. They stand as a threshold between the advent of planning in the late 19th and early 20th century, and its final consolidation as a crucial state instrument after World War II. We need, therefore, to pay attention to these experiences vis-à-vis the alleged ‘normal’ development of the field in contemporary democratic countries in order to develop a full comprehension thereof.

Discourses and values underpin public debate on fracking in Spain: a case study at the crossroad

In the EU context extraction of shale and oil gas by hydraulic fracturing (fracking) differs from country to country in terms of legislation and implementation. While fossil fuel extraction using this technology is currently taking place in the UK, Germany and France have adopted respective moratoria. In between is the Spanish case, where hydrocarbon extraction projects through fracking have to undergo mandatory and routine environmental assessment in accordance with the last changes to environmental regulations. Nowadays Spain is at the crossroad with respect to the future of this technology. We presume a social conflictt in our country since the position and strategy of the involved and confronted social actors -national, regional and local authorities, energy companies, scientists, NGO and other social organization- are going to play key and likely divergent roles in its industrial implementation and public acceptance. In order to improve knowledge on how to address these controverted situations from the own engineering context, the affiliated units from the Higher Technical School of Mines and Energy Engineering at UPM have been working on a transversal program to teach values and ethics. Over the past seven years, this pioneering experience has shown the usefulness of applying a consequentialist ethics, based on a case-by-case approach and costs-benefits analysis both for action and inaction. As a result of this initiative a theoretical concept has arisen and crystallized in this field: it is named Inter-ethics. This theoretical perspective can be very helpful in complex situations, with multi-stakeholders and plurality of interests, when ethical management requires the interaction between the respective ethics of each group; professional ethics of a single group is not enough. Under this inter-ethics theoretical framework and applying content analysis techniques, this paper explores the articulation of the discourse in favour and against fracking technology and its underlying values as manifested in the Spanish traditional mass media and emerging social media such as Youtube. Results show that Spanish public discourse on fracking technology includes the costs-benefits analysis to communicate how natural resources from local communities may be affected by these facilities due to environmental, health and economic consequences. Furthermore, this technology is represented as a solution to the "demand of energy" according to the optimistic discourse while, from a pessimistic view, fracking is often framed as a source "environmental problems" and even natural disasters as possible earthquakes. In this latter case, this negative representation could have been influenced by the closure of a macro project to store injected natural gas in the Mediterranean Sea using the old facilities of an oil exploitation in Amposta (Proyecto Cástor). The closure of this project was due to the occurrence of earthquakes whose intensity was higher than the originally expected by the experts in the assessment stage of the project.

La Empresa Social: Revisión de Conceptos y Modelo para el Análisis Organizativo

In recent years, interest has been drawn towards new inclusive business models designed to generate opportunities for human development and thus improve the living standards of the poorest. Social enterprise, defined as an organization that aims to create social value by developing an economic activity, can influence change and therefore serve as a model to create sustainable organizations in the coming years. This paper will describe the concept of social enterprise from two different points of view ? that of the traditional European social economy and the developing economies approach. In addition, it will propose a model for the organizational analysis and will apply the suggested model in the case of Grameen-Danone.

La responsabilidad social como valor añadido del facilities manager en la gestión del patrimonio inmobiliario

Resulta difícil definir una profesión que surge por la necesidad de adaptar los espacios de trabajo a las nuevas tendencias de las organizaciones, a la productividad, a las nuevas tecnologías que continúan modificando y facilitando desde las últimas décadas el modo y forma de trabajar. Mucho más complicado resulta definir una profesión casi invisible. Cuando todo funciona en un edificio, en un inmueble, en un activo. Todo está correcto. He ahí la dificultad de su definición. Lo que no se ve, no se valora. Las reuniones, las visitas, un puesto de trabajo, una sala de trabajo, una zona de descanso. La climatización, la protección contra incendios, la legionela, el suministro eléctrico, una evacuación. La organización, sus necesidades, su filosofía. Los informes, los análisis, las mejoras. Las personas, el espacio, los procesos, la tecnología. En la actualidad, todo se asocia a su coste. A su rentabilidad. En la difícil tarea de realizar el proyecto de un edificio, participan multitud de aspectos que deben estar perfectamente organizados. El arquitecto proyecta y aúna en el proyecto: pasado (experiencia), presente (tendencias) y futuro (perdurabilidad). Y es en ese momento, cuando al considerar el futuro del edificio, su perdurabilidad, hace que su ciclo de vida sea criterio fundamental al proyectar. Que deba considerarse desde el primer esbozo del proyecto. Para que un edificio perdure en el tiempo existen gran número de factores condicionantes. Empezando por su uso apropiado, su nivel de actividad, pasando por las distintas propiedades que pueda tener, y terminando por los responsables de su mantenimiento en su día a día. Esa profesión invisible, es la disciplina conocida como Facility Management. Otra disciplina no tan novedosa –sus inicios fueron a finales del siglo XIX-, y que en la actualidad se empieza a valorar en gran medida es la Responsabilidad Social. Todo lo que de forma voluntaria, una organización realiza por encima de lo estrictamente legal con objeto de contribuir al desarrollo sostenible (económico, social y medio ambiental). Ambas disciplinas destacan por su continuo dinamismo. Reflejando la evolución de distintas inquietudes: • Personas, procesos, espacios, tecnología • Económica, social, medio-ambiental Y que sólo puede gestionarse con una correcta gestión del cambio. Elemento bisagra entre ambas disciplinas. El presente trabajo de investigación se ha basado en el estudio del grado de sensibilización que existe para con la Responsabilidad Social dentro del sector de la Facility Management en España. Para ello, se han estructurado varios ejercicios con objeto de analizar: la comunicación, el marco actual normativo, la opinión del profesional, del facilities manager. Como objetivo, conocer la implicación actual que la Responsabilidad Social ejerce en el ejercicio de la profesión del Facilities Manager. Se hace especial hincapié en la voluntariedad de ambas disciplinas. De ahí que el presente estudio de investigación realice dicho trabajo sobre elementos voluntarios y por tanto sobre el valor añadido que se obtiene al gestionar dichas disciplinas de forma conjunta y voluntaria. Para que una organización pueda desarrollar su actividad principal –su negocio-, el Facilities Manager gestiona el segundo coste que esta organización tiene. Llegando a poder ser el primero si se incluye el coste asociado al personal (nóminas, beneficios, etc.) Entre el (70 – 80)% del coste de un edificio a lo largo de toda su vida útil, se encuentra en su periodo de explotación. En la perdurabilidad. La tecnología facilita la gestión, pero quien gestiona y lleva a cabo esta perdurabilidad son las personas en los distintos niveles de gestión: estratégico, táctico y operacional. En estos momentos de constante competencia, donde la innovación es el uniforme de batalla, el valor añadido del Facilities Manager se construye gestionando el patrimonio inmobiliario con criterios responsables. Su hecho diferenciador: su marca, su reputación. ABSTRACT It comes difficult to define a profession that emerges due to the need of adapting working spaces to new organization’s trends, productivity improvements and new technologies, which have kept changing and making easier the way that we work during the last decades. Defining an invisible profession results much more complicated than that, because everything is fine when everything works in a building, or in an asset, properly. Hence, there is the difficulty of its definition. What it is not seen, it is not worth. Meeting rooms, reception spaces, work spaces, recreational rooms. HVAC, fire protection, power supply, legionnaire’s disease, evacuation. The organization itself, its needs and its philosophy. Reporting, analysis, improvements. People, spaces, process, technology. Today everything is associated to cost and profitability. In the hard task of developing a building project, a lot of issues, that participate, must be perfectly organized. Architects design and gather/put together in the project: the past (experience), the present (trends) and the future (durability). In that moment, considering the future of the building, e. g. its perdurability, Life Cycle turn as the key point of the design. This issue makes LCC a good idea to have into account since the very first draft of the project. A great number of conditioner factors exist in order to the building resist through time. Starting from a suitable use and the level of activity, passing through different characteristics it may have, and ending daily maintenance responsible. That invisible profession, that discipline, is known as Facility Management. Another discipline, not as new as FM –it begun at the end of XIX century- that is becoming more and more valuable is Social Responsibility. It involves everything a company realizes in a voluntary way, above legal regulations contributing sustainable development (financial, social and environmentally). Both disciplines stand out by their continuous dynamism. Reflecting the evolution of different concerning: • People, process, spaces, technology • Financial, social and environmentally It can only be managed from the right change management. This is the linking point between both disciplines. This research work is based on the study of existing level of increasing sensitivity about Social Responsibility within Facility Management’s sector in Spain. In order to do that, several –five- exercises have been studied with the purpose of analyze: communication, law, professional and facility manager’s opinions. The objective is to know the current implication that Social Responsibility has over Facility Management. It is very important the voluntary part of both disciplines, that’s why the present research work is focused over the voluntary elements and about the added value that is obtained managing the before named disciplines as a whole and in voluntary way. In order a company can develop his core business/primary activities, facility managers must operate the second largest company budget/cost centre. Being the first centre cost if we considerer human resources’ costs included (salaries, incentives…) Among 70-80% building costs are produced along its operative life. Durability Technology ease management, but people are who manage and carry out this durability, within different levels: strategic, tactic and operational. In a world of continuing competence, where innovation is the uniform for the battle, facility manager’s added value is provided managing company’s real estate with responsibility criteria. Their distinguishing element: their brand, their reputation.

Social capacity building in rural Aymara women organizations in Puno, Peru.

Social capacity building has been considered in the last decades an important element of rural development projects, as it helps organizations and communities to better use their resources, design and manage projects locally and improve their living standards. Social capacity building has been related to the development of certain skills and to the concept of leadership development. Social capacity building and leadership development under a social learning approach have guided a rural development project with an Aymara women organization in Puno, Peru, where around 400 women artisans are trying to develop a business organization to improve their lives and their communities. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies have been applied to assess improvements in capacities and leadership. Results show that the technical aspects are the first to be developed but that group process skills and contextual skills take longer and are crucial to the success of the projects.

Cambios de la identidad social en organizaciones en red

Las organizaciones están viviendo cambios estratégicos, culturales y organizativos para adaptarse a la sociedad de la información. La incorporación de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC), facilita los esquemas de trabajo en red de los y las profesionales y la virtualización de las organizaciones. En este nuevo contexto, el sistema de significados cambia, y la identidad social de los trabajadores se ve afectada. Este trabajo explora cómo se comporta la identidad social y cuál es su relación con la necesidad de afiliación, estudiando un grupo de 205 profesionales con distintas características, lo que ha permitido dividirlos en profesionales red y profesionales no red. A su vez, estos profesionales pertenecían a organizaciones que, en función de ciertas características, se han categorizado en más o menos virtuales. Los resultados principales del trabajo son el establecimiento de un método de análisis en organizaciones red y la confirmación de que en la transformación de una organización hacia modelos virtuales, la identidad social se debilita para profesionales con alta necesidad de afiliación. Organizations are experiencing strategic, cultural and organizational changes in order to adapt themselves to the Information Society. Incorporating Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) allow for network schemes of work for employees (including telecommuting) and staff virtualization. In this new context, systems of meaning change and the social identity of the staff is affected. This paper analyses how social identity evolves and how it is related to affiliation needs by studying a group of 205 professionals with different characteristics, divided into network and non-network professionals. In turn, these professionals belonged to organizations, which depending on certain characteristics, have been categorized as more or less virtual. Two main research results emerge. The first is an analytical methodology for networked organizations. The second is the confirmation that social identity weakens for professionals with high affiliation needs when virtualization occurs in an organization.

The Role of ICT in Scaling Up the Impact of Social Enterprises

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) can help social enterprises and other organizations working on global sustainability issues and in the human development sector in general scale their social impact. The flexibility, dynamism, and ubiquity of ICTs make them powerful tools for improving relationships among organizations and their beneficiaries, multiplying the effects of action against many, if not all, aspects of global unsustainability, including poverty and exclusion. The scaling of social impact occurs in two different dimensions. On one hand, ICTs can increase the value proposition of a program or action (depth scaling) in different ways: providing accurate and fast needs recognition, adapting products and services, creating opportunities, building fairer markets, mobilizing actions on environmental and social issues, and creating social capital. On the other hand, ICTs can also increase the number of people reached by the organization (breadth scaling) by accessing new resources, creating synergies and networks, improving organizational efficiency, increasing its visibility, and designing new access channels to beneficiaries. This article analyzes the role of ICT in the depth and breadth scaling of social impact.

Cognitive reserve is associated with the functional organization of brain networks in healthy aging: a MEG study

The proportion of elderly people in the population has increased rapidly in the last century and consequently "healthy aging" is expected to become a critical area of research in neuroscience. Evidence reveals how healthy aging depends on three main behavioral factors: social lifestyle, cognitive activity and physical activity. In this study, we focused on the role of cognitive activity, concentrating specifically on educational and occupational attainment factors, which were considered two of the main pillars of cognitive reserve. 21 subjects with similar rates of social lifestyle, physical and cognitive activity were selected from a sample of 55 healthy adults. These subjects were divided into two groups according to their level of cognitive reserve; one group comprised subjects with high cognitive reserve (9 members) and the other contained those with low cognitive reserve (12 members). To evaluate the cortical brain connectivity network, all participants were recorded by Magnetoencephalography (MEG) while they performed a memory task (modified version of the Sternberg¿s Task). We then applied two algorithms (Phase Locking Value & Phase-Lag Index) to study the dynamics of functional connectivity. In response to the same task, the subjects with lower cognitive reserve presented higher functional connectivity than those with higher cognitive reserve. These results may indicate that participants with low cognitive reserve needed a greater 'effort' than those with high cognitive reserve to achieve the same level of cognitive performance. Therefore, we conclude that cognitive reserve contributes to the modulation of the functional connectivity patterns of the aging brain.

Análisis de los factores de influencia en la adopción de herramientas colaborativas basadas en software social. Aplicación a entornos empresariales

En las últimas dos décadas, se ha puesto de relieve la importancia de los procesos de adquisición y difusión del conocimiento dentro de las empresas, y por consiguiente el estudio de estos procesos y la implementación de tecnologías que los faciliten ha sido un tema que ha despertado un creciente interés en la comunidad científica. Con el fin de facilitar y optimizar la adquisición y la difusión del conocimiento, las organizaciones jerárquicas han evolucionado hacia una configuración más plana, con estructuras en red que resulten más ágiles, disminuyendo la dependencia de una autoridad centralizada, y constituyendo organizaciones orientadas a trabajar en equipo. Al mismo tiempo, se ha producido un rápido desarrollo de las herramientas de colaboración Web 2.0, tales como blogs y wikis. Estas herramientas de colaboración se caracterizan por una importante componente social, y pueden alcanzar todo su potencial cuando se despliegan en las estructuras organizacionales planas. La Web 2.0 aparece como un concepto enfrentado al conjunto de tecnologías que existían a finales de los 90s basadas en sitios web, y se basa en la participación de los propios usuarios. Empresas del Fortune 500 –HP, IBM, Xerox, Cisco– las adoptan de inmediato, aunque no hay unanimidad sobre su utilidad real ni sobre cómo medirla. Esto se debe en parte a que no se entienden bien los factores que llevan a los empleados a adoptarlas, lo que ha llevado a fracasos en la implantación debido a la existencia de algunas barreras. Dada esta situación, y ante las ventajas teóricas que tienen estas herramientas de colaboración Web 2.0 para las empresas, los directivos de éstas y la comunidad científica muestran un interés creciente en conocer la respuesta a la pregunta: ¿cuáles son los factores que contribuyen a que los empleados de las empresas adopten estas herramientas Web 2.0 para colaborar? La respuesta a esta pregunta es compleja ya que se trata de herramientas relativamente nuevas en el contexto empresarial mediante las cuales se puede llevar a cabo la gestión del conocimiento en lugar del manejo de la información. El planteamiento que se ha llevado a cabo en este trabajo para dar respuesta a esta pregunta es la aplicación de los modelos de adopción tecnológica, que se basan en las percepciones de los individuos sobre diferentes aspectos relacionados con el uso de la tecnología. Bajo este enfoque, este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal el estudio de los factores que influyen en la adopción de blogs y wikis en empresas, mediante un modelo predictivo, teórico y unificado, de adopción tecnológica, con un planteamiento holístico a partir de la literatura de los modelos de adopción tecnológica y de las particularidades que presentan las herramientas bajo estudio y en el contexto especifico. Este modelo teórico permitirá determinar aquellos factores que predicen la intención de uso de las herramientas y el uso real de las mismas. El trabajo de investigación científica se estructura en cinco partes: introducción al tema de investigación, desarrollo del marco teórico, diseño del trabajo de investigación, análisis empírico, y elaboración de conclusiones. Desde el punto de vista de la estructura de la memoria de la tesis, las cinco partes mencionadas se desarrollan de forma secuencial a lo largo de siete capítulos, correspondiendo la primera parte al capítulo 1, la segunda a los capítulos 2 y 3, la tercera parte a los capítulos 4 y 5, la cuarta parte al capítulo 6, y la quinta y última parte al capítulo 7. El contenido del capítulo 1 se centra en el planteamiento del problema de investigación así como en los objetivos, principal y secundarios, que se pretenden cumplir a lo largo del trabajo. Así mismo, se expondrá el concepto de colaboración y su encaje con las herramientas colaborativas Web 2.0 que se plantean en la investigación y una introducción a los modelos de adopción tecnológica. A continuación se expone la justificación de la investigación, los objetivos de la misma y el plan de trabajo para su elaboración. Una vez introducido el tema de investigación, en el capítulo 2 se lleva a cabo una revisión de la evolución de los principales modelos de adopción tecnológica existentes (IDT, TRA, SCT, TPB, DTPB, C-TAM-TPB, UTAUT, UTAUT2), dando cuenta de sus fundamentos y factores empleados. Sobre la base de los modelos de adopción tecnológica expuestos en el capítulo 2, en el capítulo 3 se estudian los factores que se han expuesto en el capítulo 2 pero adaptados al contexto de las herramientas colaborativas Web 2.0. Con el fin de facilitar la comprensión del modelo final, los factores se agrupan en cuatro tipos: tecnológicos, de control, socio-normativos y otros específicos de las herramientas colaborativas. En el capítulo 4 se lleva a cabo la relación de los factores que son más apropiados para estudiar la adopción de las herramientas colaborativas y se define un modelo que especifica las relaciones entre los diferentes factores. Estas relaciones finalmente se convertirán en hipótesis de trabajo, y que habrá que contrastar mediante el estudio empírico. A lo largo del capítulo 5 se especifican las características del trabajo empírico que se lleva a cabo para contrastar las hipótesis que se habían enunciado en el capítulo 4. La naturaleza de la investigación es de carácter social, de tipo exploratorio, y se basa en un estudio empírico cuantitativo cuyo análisis se llevará a cabo mediante técnicas de análisis multivariante. En este capítulo se describe la construcción de las escalas del instrumento de medida, la metodología de recogida de datos, y posteriormente se presenta un análisis detallado de la población muestral, así como la comprobación de la existencia o no del sesgo atribuible al método de medida, lo que se denomina sesgo de método común (en inglés, Common Method Bias). El contenido del capítulo 6 corresponde al análisis de resultados, aunque previamente se expone la técnica estadística empleada, PLS-SEM, como herramienta de análisis multivariante con capacidad de análisis predictivo, así como la metodología empleada para validar el modelo de medida y el modelo estructural, los requisitos que debe cumplir la muestra, y los umbrales de los parámetros considerados. En la segunda parte del capítulo 6 se lleva a cabo el análisis empírico de los datos correspondientes a las dos muestras, una para blogs y otra para wikis, con el fin de validar las hipótesis de investigación planteadas en el capítulo 4. Finalmente, en el capítulo 7 se revisa el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos planteados en el capítulo 1 y se presentan las contribuciones teóricas, metodológicas y prácticas derivadas del trabajo realizado. A continuación se exponen las conclusiones generales y detalladas por cada grupo de factores, así como las recomendaciones prácticas que se pueden extraer para orientar la implantación de estas herramientas en situaciones reales. Como parte final del capítulo se incluyen las limitaciones del estudio y se sugiere una serie de posibles líneas de trabajo futuras de interés, junto con los resultados de investigación parciales que se han obtenido durante el tiempo que ha durado la investigación. ABSTRACT In the last two decades, the relevance of knowledge acquisition and dissemination processes has been highlighted and consequently, the study of these processes and the implementation of the technologies that make them possible has generated growing interest in the scientific community. In order to ease and optimize knowledge acquisition and dissemination, hierarchical organizations have evolved to a more horizontal configuration with more agile net structures, decreasing the dependence of a centralized authority, and building team-working oriented organizations. At the same time, Web 2.0 collaboration tools such as blogs and wikis have quickly developed. These collaboration tools are characterized by a strong social component and can reach their full potential when they are deployed in horizontal organization structures. Web 2.0, based on user participation, arises as a concept to challenge the existing technologies of the 90’s which were based on websites. Fortune 500 companies – HP, IBM, Xerox, Cisco- adopted the concept immediately even though there was no unanimity about its real usefulness or how it could be measured. This is partly due to the fact that the factors that make the drivers for employees to adopt these tools are not properly understood, consequently leading to implementation failure due to the existence of certain barriers. Given this situation, and faced with theoretical advantages that these Web 2.0 collaboration tools seem to have for companies, managers and the scientific community are showing an increasing interest in answering the following question: Which factors contribute to the decision of the employees of a company to adopt the Web 2.0 tools for collaborative purposes? The answer is complex since these tools are relatively new in business environments. These tools allow us to move from an information Management approach to Knowledge Management. In order to answer this question, the chosen approach involves the application of technology adoption models, all of them based on the individual’s perception of the different aspects related to technology usage. From this perspective, this thesis’ main objective is to study the factors influencing the adoption of blogs and wikis in a company. This is done by using a unified and theoretical predictive model of technological adoption with a holistic approach that is based on literature of technological adoption models and the particularities that these tools presented under study and in a specific context. This theoretical model will allow us to determine the factors that predict the intended use of these tools and their real usage. The scientific research is structured in five parts: Introduction to the research subject, development of the theoretical framework, research work design, empirical analysis and drawing the final conclusions. This thesis develops the five aforementioned parts sequentially thorough seven chapters; part one (chapter one), part two (chapters two and three), part three (chapters four and five), parte four (chapters six) and finally part five (chapter seven). The first chapter is focused on the research problem statement and the objectives of the thesis, intended to be reached during the project. Likewise, the concept of collaboration and its link with the Web 2.0 collaborative tools is discussed as well as an introduction to the technology adoption models. Finally we explain the planning to carry out the research and get the proposed results. After introducing the research topic, the second chapter carries out a review of the evolution of the main existing technology adoption models (IDT, TRA, SCT, TPB, DTPB, C-TAM-TPB, UTAUT, UTAUT2), highlighting its foundations and factors used. Based on technology adoption models set out in chapter 2, the third chapter deals with the factors which have been discussed previously in chapter 2, but adapted to the context of Web 2.0 collaborative tools under study, blogs and wikis. In order to better understand the final model, the factors are grouped into four types: technological factors, control factors, social-normative factors and other specific factors related to the collaborative tools. The first part of chapter 4 covers the analysis of the factors which are more relevant to study the adoption of collaborative tools, and the second part proceeds with the theoretical model which specifies the relationship between the different factors taken into consideration. These relationships will become specific hypotheses that will be tested by the empirical study. Throughout chapter 5 we cover the characteristics of the empirical study used to test the research hypotheses which were set out in chapter 4. The nature of research is social, exploratory, and it is based on a quantitative empirical study whose analysis is carried out using multivariate analysis techniques. The second part of this chapter includes the description of the scales of the measuring instrument; the methodology for data gathering, the detailed analysis of the sample, and finally the existence of bias attributable to the measurement method, the "Bias Common Method" is checked. The first part of chapter 6 corresponds to the analysis of results. The statistical technique employed (PLS-SEM) is previously explained as a tool of multivariate analysis, capable of carrying out predictive analysis, and as the appropriate methodology used to validate the model in a two-stages analysis, the measurement model and the structural model. Futhermore, it is necessary to check the requirements to be met by the sample and the thresholds of the parameters taken into account. In the second part of chapter 6 an empirical analysis of the data is performed for the two samples, one for blogs and the other for wikis, in order to validate the research hypothesis proposed in chapter 4. Finally, in chapter 7 the fulfillment level of the objectives raised in chapter 1 is reviewed and the theoretical, methodological and practical conclusions derived from the results of the study are presented. Next, we cover the general conclusions, detailing for each group of factors including practical recommendations that can be drawn to guide implementation of these tools in real situations in companies. As a final part of the chapter the limitations of the study are included and a number of potential future researches suggested, along with research partial results which have been obtained thorough the research.

De la ciudad a la estancia: casas con patio en la vivienda social madrileña (1956-1961). Saénz de Oíza y Vázquez de Castro

La tesis aborda el estudio de la casa patio y su relación con todas las escalas del proyecto, dentro del ámbito de la vivienda colectiva desarrollada en Madrid desde el comienzo de la década de los cincuenta hasta principio de los sesenta. Se investiga su vínculo con la ciudad a partir de la configuración de la trama y los espacios públicos, la organización de la casa en torno a un vacío y las relaciones espaciales entre el patio exterior y las estancias interiores. Mediante el análisis de los diferentes ejemplos existentes de casas con patio en el contexto señalado, se realiza la selección de los casos de estudio de esta investigación. Los proyectos analizados se organizan a partir del trabajo desarrollado por los arquitectos Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oíza y Antonio Vázquez de Castro, liderando equipos más amplios y como representantes de la construcción definitiva de un verdadero lenguaje moderno en la arquitectura española. Cada uno de los proyectos, estructurados en dos apartados para cada uno de los autores, muestran de forma particular, la evolución de las herramientas arquitectónicas empleadas, a partir de la casa patio, en las distintas escalas de trabajo. En los proyectos de Oíza, se analiza en primer lugar la definición de un modelo mínimo y racional de vivienda con patio en el poblado de absorción de Fuencarral “A” (1956) y con el prototipo del concurso de vivienda experimental (1956). A continuación se estudia, en el Poblado Dirigido de Entrevías (1956), la construcción de la ciudad horizontal a partir del patio como elemento estructurante de las tramas urbanas. Las obras de Vázquez de Castro muestran inicialmente la incorporación del patio como una estancia privada más de la casa con la definición de un modelo tipológico en “L” en el Poblado Dirigido de Caño Roto (1956). Finalmente, se analiza el desarrollo de nuevas y complejas estructuras urbanas en forma de tapiz en el proyecto de la Unidad Vecinal de Costa Rica (1961). Los ejemplos, antes descritos, protagonizan un proceso delimitado desde la importación y adaptación de los modelos de vivienda europeos producidos en el periodo de entreguerras, con un significativo retraso; hasta la apuesta por sistemas complejos como el “mat-building”, en diálogo directo, con los proyectos de las nuevas corrientes arquitectónicas internacionales de principios de los sesenta. El estudio y análisis de los ejemplos se realiza mediante la disección pormenorizada de cada uno de ellos, en los sistemas arquitectónicos que establecen la relación del patio con las tres escalas objeto de estudio: la ciudad, la casa y la estancia. Para ello se realiza una reconstrucción de los proyectos mediante la elaboración de una nueva documentación gráfica a partir de los planos y fotografías originales. Finalmente, a partir de los temas arquitectónicos más significativos extraídos del análisis de los casos de estudio y organizados en función de las distintas escalas de proyecto, se realiza una comparación transversal, a modo de conclusiones, respecto a otros ejemplos de similares características del panorama internacional de casas con patio. De esta forma se produce una síntesis sobre los distintos mecanismos que sirvieron para construir, a partir de la tradición del patio en la casa, la vivienda moderna. ABSTRACT The thesis deals the study of the house with courtyard and its relation with all the scales of the project inside the ambience of the collective housing developed in Madrid from the beginning of the fifties up to beginning of the sixties. This document investigates its link with the city from the configuration of the weave and the public spaces, the organization of the house around a void and the spatial relations between the exterior courtyard and the interior spaces. The selection of the case studies of this research is made Through the analysis of the different existing examples of courtyard houses in this defined context. The analyzed projects are organized from the work developed by the architects Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oíza and Antonio Vázquez de Castro, leading wider teams and as representatives of the definitive construction of a real modern language in the Spanish architecture. Each of the projects, structured in two sections to each one of the authors, show in a particular way, the evolution of the architectural tools employed, from the house with courtyard, at different scales of work. In the projects of Oiza, it´s analyced the definition of a minimum and rational model of a house with courtyard in the absorption village of Fuencarral “A” (1956) and with the experimental housing contest prototype (1956). Next, in “el Poblado Dirigido de Entrevías” (1956), the construction of the horinzontal city with the courtyard as a structuring element of the urban weave will be studied. The works of Vázquez de Castro initially show the incorporation of the courtyard as another private area of the house with the typological model definition as an “L” in El Poblado Dirigido de Caño Roto (1956). Finally, the thesis analyzes the development of new and complex urban structures with a mat-building shape in the project of Unidad Vecinal de Costa Rica (1961). The examples described above, starring a process delimited from the import and the adaptation of european housing models produced in the interwar period, with a significant delay; until the opt for complex systems such as the “mat-building”, in direct dialog, with the projects of the new architectural international flows of the beginning of the sixties. The study and analysis of the examples is made by the dissection of them, in the architectural systems that establish the relation of the courtyard with the three scales of the study: the city, the house and the stay. To reach this objetive this document reconstructs the projects making a new graphic documentation from the original maps and photos. Finally, from the most important architectural issues drawn from the analysis of the case studies and organised by the different scales of project, as conclussions, a cross comparison of similar examples of houses with courtyard around the world is made. This produces a synthesis about the different mechanisms that served to build, from the tradition of the courtyard in the house, the modern housing.