A new set of relativistic screening constants for the screened hydrogenic model

AnewRelativisticScreenedHydrogenicModel has been developed to calculate atomic data needed to compute the optical and thermodynamic properties of high energy density plasmas. The model is based on anewset of universal screeningconstants, including nlj-splitting that has been obtained by fitting to a large database of ionization potentials and excitation energies. This database was built with energies compiled from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database of experimental atomic energy levels, and energies calculated with the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). The screeningconstants have been computed up to the 5p3/2 subshell using a Genetic Algorithm technique with an objective function designed to minimize both the relative error and the maximum error. To select the best set of screeningconstants some additional physical criteria has been applied, which are based on the reproduction of the filling order of the shells and on obtaining the best ground state configuration. A statistical error analysis has been performed to test the model, which indicated that approximately 88% of the data lie within a ±10% error interval. We validate the model by comparing the results with ionization energies, transition energies, and wave functions computed using sophisticated self-consistent codes and experimental data.

Interpretation of the pressuremeter test using numerical models based on deformation tensor equations

The pressuremeter test in boreholes has proven itself as a useful tool in geotechnical explorations, especially comparing its results with those obtained from a mathematical model ruled by a soil representative constitutive equation. The numerical model shown in this paper is aimed to be the reference framework for the interpretation of this test. The model analyses variables such as: the type of response, the initial state, the drainage regime and the constitutive equations. It is a model of finite elements able to work with a mesh without deformation or one adapted to it.

Methodology for automated generation of multiple choice questions in self assessment

Current trends in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) are moving towards the continuous evaluation of the students in substitution of the traditional evaluation based on a single test or exam. This fact and the increase in the number of students during last years in Engineering Schools, requires to modify evaluation procedures making them compatible with the educational and research activities. This work presents a methodology for the automatic generation of questions. These questions can be used as self assessment questions by the student and/or as queries by the teacher. The proposed approach is based on the utilization of parametric questions, formulated as multiple choice questions and generated and supported by the utilization of common programs of data sheets and word processors. Through this approach, every teacher can apply the proposed methodology without the use of programs or tools different from those normally used in his/her daily activity

Criterios de optimización de los incentivos en contratos de concesión ligados a indicadores de calidad de servicio para firmes bituminosos

Actualmente se está empezando a consolidar una nueva forma de gestionar la conservación y mantenimiento de la red viaria de las Administraciones Públicas, basándose en contratos de colaboración público-privadas (PPP). Las motivaciones que están provocando este movimiento son de diversa índole. Por un lado, en el seno de la Unión Europea, existen serias restricciones presupuestarias debido al alto endeudamiento del sector público, lo que está llevando a buscar la forma óptima de disminuir el endeudamiento público, sin dejar de prestar servicios a la sociedad como la conservación y mantenimiento de las redes viarias. Por esta vertiente, se trata de convertir contratos convencionales de conservación viaria a esquemas de colaboración público-privada, donde se transferiría al sector privado el riesgo de disponibilidad de la vía mediante el uso de indicadores de calidad y servicio. Con esta transferencia de riesgo, junto con la transferencia del riesgo de demanda/construcción, no consolidaría la deuda de la sociedad de propósito específico constituida para la gestión del contrato de colaboración público-privada dentro de las cuentas públicas, con lo que se conseguiría no aumentar el déficit público, permitiendo continuar ofreciendo el servicio demandado por la sociedad. Por otro lado, la segunda motivación del desarrollo de este tipo de contratos, no tan economicista como la anterior y más enfocada a la gestión, se trata de utilizar los contratos de gestión basados en el uso de indicadores de calidad de servicio para mejorar las prestaciones de la red viaria competencia de una Administración. Con el uso de estos indicadores, el gestor tiene una herramienta muy útil para controlar la actividad del sector privado y asegurar que se ofrece un buen servicio. En la presente tesis, la investigación se ha centrado más en la vertiente de los indicadores de calidad relacionados con la gestión eficiente de las vías objeto de conservación y mantenimiento mediante el empleo de contratos de gestión privada que utilicen este tipo de herramientas de control, monitorización y gestión. En una primera parte, la presente tesis estudia el estado de la red de carreteras, referido principalmente a España, comparando su estado con el resto de redes de carreteras de Europa, detectando las principales carencias de la misma, sobre todo en cuanto a la gestión y conservación de firmes. En un segundo bloque, la tesis analiza el estado del arte de los nuevos procedimientos de gestión de la conservación y mantenimiento basados en indicadores de calidad del servicio en el mundo, destacándose que se trata de un tema relativamente reciente, con gran interés para el sector de la gestión y financiación de infraestructuras viarias. Al ser tan novedoso, por la falta de experiencias previas, las distintas Administración, tanto propias como foráneas, han pecado de un exceso de celo a la hora de establecer los umbrales sobre los que giran los distintos indicadores de calidad de servicio que permiten controlar la gestión de la conservación y mantenimiento de la vía. Partiendo de la labor de análisis descrita, la tesis realiza una investigación más detallada de los indicadores de calidad de servicio correspondientes a firmes bituminosos, debido a que estos indicadores son los más delicados y decisivos a la hora de realizar una correcta gestión de la vía a largo plazo. Dentro de los indicadores de firmes bituminosos, se ha realizado un modelo específico de evolución de comportamiento a lo largo del tiempo de la regularidad superficial, parámetro básico para numerosas Administraciones y organismos investigadores para poder conocer la evolución de un firme a lo largo del tiempo. A esta metodología se le ha dado el nombre de Modelo JRB para evaluar la racionalidad económica de indicadores de calidad asociados a parámetros de firmes. El modelo propuesto básicamente evalúa el valor óptimo desde la perspectiva económica que ha de tener el parámetro técnico que defina alguna propiedad del firme, aplicado a la definición de los indicadores de calidad de servicio. Esta visión del valor umbral del indicador deja a un lado consideraciones de equidad o de cualquier otra índole, basándose más en una visión económica. La metodología del Modelo JRB se puede aplicar a cualquier indicador de calidad relacionado con firmes, ya que lo que se obtiene es el valor óptimo económico que debería tener el umbral del indicador de calidad. El Modelo JRB consta de varias fases. En las primeras etapas el Modelo realiza el cálculo de los costes totales de transporte utilizando como herramienta el software HDM-IV desarrollado por el Banco Mundial. En etapas posteriores, el Modelo realiza análisis de sensibilidad para distintas propuestas de sección de firme, intensidades de tráfico y restricciones al parámetro técnico que define el indicador de calidad de servicio. Como ejercicio práctico de cara a contrastar la metodología del Modelo JRB se ha realizado un Caso de Estudio. Se ha tomado un tramo teórico, con características similares a la red de carreteras española, y con una flota vehicular similar a la española, donde se ha elegido como indicador de calidad la regularidad superficial (IRI). Con las sensibilidades realizadas con el Modelo JRB, se ha determinado el rango de valores que debería tener un indicador de calidad basado en el IRI para que dichos valores fueran óptimos desde la perspectiva económica Nowadays is becoming a new way to manage O&M (operation and maintenance) in public road networks, based on PPP contracts (public-private partnership). There are several issues which are driving this trend. On the one hand, EU (European Union) has serious budgetary constraints due to the high public sector borrowing. EU politicians are looking for the best way to reduce public debt, keeping services to society such as O&M of road networks. For this aspect, conventional O&M contracts are switching to PPP scenarios, where availability risk would be transfer to private sector using PI (performance indicators), along with demand risk transfer With this risk transference, along with the transfer of demand/construction risk, SPV (specific purpose vehicle) debt doesn’t consolidate in public accounts, so deficit wouldn’t increase, allowing the continuation of services demanded by society. On the other hand, the second motivation for developing this kind of contracts, not so economist as above and more focused to management, it is about using O&M contracts based on the use of PI to improve road network maintenance. Using these indicators, manager has a very useful tool to monitor private sector activity and ensure that it is provided a good service. In this thesis, the research has been focused on PI quality aspect, related with efficient management of PPP contracts for roads, which use these tools for control, monitoring and management. In the first part, this thesis examines the state of road network, based mainly in Spain, comparing with other road networks in Europe, identifying the main gaps in it, especially with regard to the management and maintenance of pavements. In a second block, the thesis analyzes the state of art of new O&M contracts based on PI in the world, emphasizing that they are relatively recent. These kinds of contracts have a great interest in road management and financing sector. Administrations all around the world have launch tenders with very exigent PI thresholds due to several factors: this knowledge is a new area, the lack of previous experiences and the variety of Administrations which have bid these contracts. Building on the described analysis, thesis develops a more detailed research about PI for bituminous pavements, because these PI are the most delicate and decisive in making a proper long term road management. Among bituminous pavements PI, IRI (International Roughness Index) has been analyzed with more detail and has been developed a specific model of behaviour evolution over time for evenness (IRI), basic parameter for many administrations and research departments in order to know the evolution of a pavement over time. This methodology has been given the name of JRB Model to evaluate the economic rationality of performance indicators associated with pavements parameters. The proposed model basically evaluates the optimal value from an economic perspective it must have the technical parameter which defines some pavement characteristic applied to the definition of performance indicators. This point of view of indicator value threshold sets aside justice considerations or otherwise, based more on an economic perspective. JRB Model methodology can be applied to any performance indicator associated to pavements, because what you get is the economic optimum threshold should have the performance indicator. JRB Model consists of several phases. In the early stages, the Model calculates transport total cost using HDM-IV software, developed by the World Bank, as a tool. In later stages, the Model performs sensitivity analyzes for different pavement section, AADT and restrictions to the technical parameter which defines the performance indicator. As a practical exercise to test JRB Model methodology, it has done a Case Study. It has taken a theoretical section, with similar characteristics to Spanish road network, and a vehicles fleet similar to Spanish. Evenness (IRI) was chosen as a performance indicator. JRB Model calculated some sensitivities, which were useful to determined thresholds range for pavement performance indicators based on IRI to be optimal from an economic perspective.

Computational methods to create and analyze a digital gene expression atlas of embryo development from microscopy images

Abstract The creation of atlases, or digital models where information from different subjects can be combined, is a field of increasing interest in biomedical imaging. When a single image does not contain enough information to appropriately describe the organism under study, it is then necessary to acquire images of several individuals, each of them containing complementary data with respect to the rest of the components in the cohort. This approach allows creating digital prototypes, ranging from anatomical atlases of human patients and organs, obtained for instance from Magnetic Resonance Imaging, to gene expression cartographies of embryo development, typically achieved from Light Microscopy. Within such context, in this PhD Thesis we propose, develop and validate new dedicated image processing methodologies that, based on image registration techniques, bring information from multiple individuals into alignment within a single digital atlas model. We also elaborate a dedicated software visualization platform to explore the resulting wealth of multi-dimensional data and novel analysis algo-rithms to automatically mine the generated resource in search of bio¬logical insights. In particular, this work focuses on gene expression data from developing zebrafish embryos imaged at the cellular resolution level with Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy. Disposing of quantitative measurements relating multiple gene expressions to cell position and their evolution in time is a fundamental prerequisite to understand embryogenesis multi-scale processes. However, the number of gene expressions that can be simultaneously stained in one acquisition is limited due to optical and labeling constraints. These limitations motivate the implementation of atlasing strategies that can recreate a virtual gene expression multiplex. The developed computational tools have been tested in two different scenarios. The first one is the early zebrafish embryogenesis where the resulting atlas constitutes a link between the phenotype and the genotype at the cellular level. The second one is the late zebrafish brain where the resulting atlas allows studies relating gene expression to brain regionalization and neurogenesis. The proposed computational frameworks have been adapted to the requirements of both scenarios, such as the integration of partial views of the embryo into a whole embryo model with cellular resolution or the registration of anatom¬ical traits with deformable transformation models non-dependent on any specific labeling. The software implementation of the atlas generation tool (Match-IT) and the visualization platform (Atlas-IT) together with the gene expression atlas resources developed in this Thesis are to be made freely available to the scientific community. Lastly, a novel proof-of-concept experiment integrates for the first time 3D gene expression atlas resources with cell lineages extracted from live embryos, opening up the door to correlate genetic and cellular spatio-temporal dynamics. La creación de atlas, o modelos digitales, donde la información de distintos sujetos puede ser combinada, es un campo de creciente interés en imagen biomédica. Cuando una sola imagen no contiene suficientes datos como para describir apropiadamente el organismo objeto de estudio, se hace necesario adquirir imágenes de varios individuos, cada una de las cuales contiene información complementaria respecto al resto de componentes del grupo. De este modo, es posible crear prototipos digitales, que pueden ir desde atlas anatómicos de órganos y pacientes humanos, adquiridos por ejemplo mediante Resonancia Magnética, hasta cartografías de la expresión genética del desarrollo de embrionario, típicamente adquiridas mediante Microscopía Optica. Dentro de este contexto, en esta Tesis Doctoral se introducen, desarrollan y validan nuevos métodos de procesado de imagen que, basándose en técnicas de registro de imagen, son capaces de alinear imágenes y datos provenientes de múltiples individuos en un solo atlas digital. Además, se ha elaborado una plataforma de visualization específicamente diseñada para explorar la gran cantidad de datos, caracterizados por su multi-dimensionalidad, que resulta de estos métodos. Asimismo, se han propuesto novedosos algoritmos de análisis y minería de datos que permiten inspeccionar automáticamente los atlas generados en busca de conclusiones biológicas significativas. En particular, este trabajo se centra en datos de expresión genética del desarrollo embrionario del pez cebra, adquiridos mediante Microscopía dos fotones con resolución celular. Disponer de medidas cuantitativas que relacionen estas expresiones genéticas con las posiciones celulares y su evolución en el tiempo es un prerrequisito fundamental para comprender los procesos multi-escala característicos de la morfogénesis. Sin embargo, el número de expresiones genéticos que pueden ser simultáneamente etiquetados en una sola adquisición es reducido debido a limitaciones tanto ópticas como del etiquetado. Estas limitaciones requieren la implementación de estrategias de creación de atlas que puedan recrear un multiplexado virtual de expresiones genéticas. Las herramientas computacionales desarrolladas han sido validadas en dos escenarios distintos. El primer escenario es el desarrollo embrionario temprano del pez cebra, donde el atlas resultante permite constituir un vínculo, a nivel celular, entre el fenotipo y el genotipo de este organismo modelo. El segundo escenario corresponde a estadios tardíos del desarrollo del cerebro del pez cebra, donde el atlas resultante permite relacionar expresiones genéticas con la regionalización del cerebro y la formación de neuronas. La plataforma computacional desarrollada ha sido adaptada a los requisitos y retos planteados en ambos escenarios, como la integración, a resolución celular, de vistas parciales dentro de un modelo consistente en un embrión completo, o el alineamiento entre estructuras de referencia anatómica equivalentes, logrado mediante el uso de modelos de transformación deformables que no requieren ningún marcador específico. Está previsto poner a disposición de la comunidad científica tanto la herramienta de generación de atlas (Match-IT), como su plataforma de visualización (Atlas-IT), así como las bases de datos de expresión genética creadas a partir de estas herramientas. Por último, dentro de la presente Tesis Doctoral, se ha incluido una prueba conceptual innovadora que permite integrar los mencionados atlas de expresión genética tridimensionales dentro del linaje celular extraído de una adquisición in vivo de un embrión. Esta prueba conceptual abre la puerta a la posibilidad de correlar, por primera vez, las dinámicas espacio-temporales de genes y células.

Absorption coefficient for the intraband transitions in quantum dot materials

In this paper, we present calculations of the absorption coefficient for transitions between the bound states of quantum dots grown within a semiconductor and the extended states of the conduction band. For completeness, transitions among bound states are also presented. In the separation of variables, single band k·p model is used in which most elements may be expressed analytically. The analytical formulae are collected in the appendix of this paper. It is concluded that the transitions are strong enough to provide a quick path to the conduction band for electrons pumped from the valence to the intermediate band

Spatial effects on rural commerce

Commerce in rural territories should not be considered as a needed service, but as a basic infrastructure, that impact not only existent population, but also tourism, and rural industrialization. So, the rural areas need not only agriculture but industry and services, to have a global and balanced development, including for the countryside and the population. In the work presented in this paper, we are considering the formulation of the direct relation between population and the endowment of commerce sites within a geographical territory, the ?area of commercial interactions?. These are the closer set of towns that can gravitate to each other to cover the required needs for the populations within the area. The products retailed, range from basic products for the daily lives, to all other products for industry, agriculture, and services. The econometric spatial model developed to evaluate the interactions and estimate the parameters, is based on the Spatial Error Model, which allows for other spatial hidden effects to be considered without direct interference to the commercial disposition. The data and territory used to test the model correspond to a rural area in the Spanish Palencia territory (NUTS-3 level). The parameters have dependence from population levels, local rent per head, local and regional government budgets, and particular spatial restrictions. Interesting results are emerging form the model. The more significant is that the spatial effects can replace some number of commerce sites in towns, given the right spatial distribution of the sites and the towns. This is equivalent to consider the area of commercial interactions as the unit of measurement for the basic infrastructure and not only the towns.

Network-based biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: review and future directions

By 2050 it is estimated that the number of worldwide Alzheimer?s disease (AD) patients will quadruple from the current number of 36 million people. To date, no single test, prior to postmortem examination, can confirm that a person suffers from AD. Therefore, there is a strong need for accurate and sensitive tools for the early diagnoses of AD. The complex etiology and multiple pathogenesis of AD call for a system-level understanding of the currently available biomarkers and the study of new biomarkers via network-based modeling of heterogeneous data types. In this review, we summarize recent research on the study of AD as a connectivity syndrome. We argue that a network-based approach in biomarker discovery will provide key insights to fully understand the network degeneration hypothesis (disease starts in specific network areas and progressively spreads to connected areas of the initial loci-networks) with a potential impact for early diagnosis and disease-modifying treatments. We introduce a new framework for the quantitative study of biomarkers that can help shorten the transition between academic research and clinical diagnosis in AD.

Real-time reliability test for a CPV module based on a power degradation model

Models based on degradation are powerful and useful tools to evaluate the reliability of those devices in which failure happens because of degradation in the performance parameters. This paper presents a procedure for assessing the reliability of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules operating outdoors in real-time conditions. With this model, the main reliability functions are predicted. This model has been applied to a real case with a module composed of GaAs single-junction solar cells and total internal reflection (TIR) optics

Development of an adequate model for verification of design safety-margins of the HTTR nuclear test facility

This work is based on the prototype High Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR) of the Japan Agency of Energy Atomic (JAEA). Its objective is to describe an adequate deterministic model to be used in the assessment of its design safety margins via damage domains. The concept of damage domain is defined and it is shown its relevance in the ongoing effort to apply dynamic risk assessment methods and tools based on the Theory of Stimulated Dynamics (TSD). To illustrate, we present results of an abnormal control rod (CR) withdrawal during subcritical condition and its comparison with results obtained by JAEA. No attempt is made yet to actually assess the detailed scenarios, rather to show how the approach may handle events of its kind

Self-consistent, nonlocal electron heat flux at arbitrary ion charge number

A single, nonlocal expression for the electron heat flux, which closely reproduces known results at high and low ion charge number 2, and “exact” results for the local limit at all 2, is derived by solving the kinetic equation in a narrow, tail-energy range. The solution involves asymptotic expansions of Bessel functions of large argument, and (Z-dependent)order above or below it, corresponding to the possible parabolic or hyperbolic character of the kinetic equation; velocity space diffusion in self-scattering is treated similarly to isotropic thermalization of tail energies in large Z analyses. The scale length H characterizing nonlocal effects varies with Z, suggesting an equal dependence of any ad hoc flux limiter. The model is valid for all H above the mean-free path for thermal electrons.

Influencia del viento en los ensayos de rebase en modelo físico a escala reducida = Wind effect on wave overtopping in physical model test

El artículo que se presenta a continuación recoge la ampliación de una investigación previa sobre los rebases en los espaldones de los diques verticales y en talud. Para ello se han realizado una serie de ensayos en modelo físico a escala reducida sobre la sección vertical del Dique de Levante de Málaga, cuyo objeto principal fue analizar el efecto del viento en el rebase. Los ensayos se han realizado generando oleaje con y sin viento, comparando los resultados obtenidos en cada una de las dos situaciones y se han llevado a cabo en el Canal de Oleaje y Viento de Gran Escala existente en el Laboratorio de Experimentación Marítima del Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas del CEDEX. The purpose of the research work as summarised in this article, resulting from diverse work carried out at the CEDEX, is to make an analysis of the influence of wind effects on the wave overtopping of vertical sea-walls. The results obtained in the Málaga´s Levante breakwater tests are presented here. The test was carried out in large sized facilities where waves and wind are generated.