La silvicultura como primera operación de transformación de la madera Forestry as the first operation of wood transformation

Se analiza la influencia de las principales actuaciones selvicolas en la calidad de la madera. Turno, Espaciamiento, Poda, Abonado, Riego y Tratamiento contra plagas.

¿Selvicultura o silvicultura? Historia de dos palabras.

Se revisa el uso de estos dos términos en el transcurso de la ciencia forestal.

A method to incorporate the effect of taxonomic uncertainty on multivariate analyses of ecological data

Researchers in ecology commonly use multivariate analyses (e.g. redundancy analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, Mantel correlation, multivariate analysis of variance) to interpret patterns in biological data and relate these patterns to environmental predictors. There has been, however, little recognition of the errors associated with biological data and the influence that these may have on predictions derived from ecological hypotheses. We present a permutational method that assesses the effects of taxonomic uncertainty on the multivariate analyses typically used in the analysis of ecological data. The procedure is based on iterative randomizations that randomly re-assign non identified species in each site to any of the other species found in the remaining sites. After each re-assignment of species identities, the multivariate method at stake is run and a parameter of interest is calculated. Consequently, one can estimate a range of plausible values for the parameter of interest under different scenarios of re-assigned species identities. We demonstrate the use of our approach in the calculation of two parameters with an example involving tropical tree species from western Amazonia: 1) the Mantel correlation between compositional similarity and environmental distances between pairs of sites, and; 2) the variance explained by environmental predictors in redundancy analysis (RDA). We also investigated the effects of increasing taxonomic uncertainty (i.e. number of unidentified species), and the taxonomic resolution at which morphospecies are determined (genus-resolution, family-resolution, or fully undetermined species) on the uncertainty range of these parameters. To achieve this, we performed simulations on a tree dataset from southern Mexico by randomly selecting a portion of the species contained in the dataset and classifying them as unidentified at each level of decreasing taxonomic resolution. An analysis of covariance showed that both taxonomic uncertainty and resolution significantly influence the uncertainty range of the resulting parameters. Increasing taxonomic uncertainty expands our uncertainty of the parameters estimated both in the Mantel test and RDA. The effects of increasing taxonomic resolution, however, are not as evident. The method presented in this study improves the traditional approaches to study compositional change in ecological communities by accounting for some of the uncertainty inherent to biological data. We hope that this approach can be routinely used to estimate any parameter of interest obtained from compositional data tables when faced with taxonomic uncertainty.

Intra-annual patterns of tracheid size in the Mediterranean tree Juniperus thurifera as an indicator of seasonal water stress

Because climate can affect xylem cell anatomy, series of intra-annual cell anatomical features have the potential to retrospectively supply seasonal climatic information. In this study, we explored the ability to extract information about water stress conditions from tracheid features of the Mediterranean conifer Juniperus thurifera L. Tracheidograms of four climatic years from two drought-sensitive sites in Spain were compared to evaluate whether it is possible to link intra-annual cell size patterns to seasonal climatic conditions. Results indicated site-specific anatomical adjustment such as smaller and thicker tracheids at the dryer site but also showed a strong climatic imprint on the intra-annual pattern of tracheid size. Site differences in cell size reflected expected structural adjustments against cavitation failures. Differences between intra-annual patterns, however, indicated a response to seasonal changes in water availability whereby cells formed under drought conditions were smaller and thicker, and vice versa. This relationship was more manifest and stable at the dryer site

Juvenile–adult tree associations in a continental Mediterranean ecosystem: no evidence for sustained and general facilitation at increased aridity

Question: How do tree species identity, microhabitat and water availability affect inter- and intra-specific interactions between juvenile and adult woody plants? Location: Continental Mediterranean forests in Alto Tajo Natural Park, Guadalajara, Spain. Methods: A total of 2066 juveniles and adults of four co-occurring tree species were mapped in 17 plots. The frequency of juveniles at different microhabitats and water availability levels was analysed using log-linear models. We used nearest-neighbour contingency table analysis of spatial segregation and J-functions to describe the spatial patterns. Results: We found a complex spatial pattern that varied according to species identity and microhabitat. Recruitment was more frequent in gaps for Quercus ilex, while the other three species recruited preferentially under shrubs or trees depending on the water availability level. Juveniles were not spatially associated to conspecific adults, experiencing segregation from them inmany cases. Spatial associations, both positive and negative, were more common at higher water availability levels. Conclusions: Our results do not agree with expectations from the stressgradient hypothesis, suggesting that positive interactions do not increase in importance with increasing aridity in the study ecosystem. Regeneration patterns are species-specific and depend on microhabitat characteristics and dispersal strategies. In general, juveniles do not look for conspecific adult protection. This work contributes to the understanding of species co-existence, proving the importance of considering a multispecies approach at several plots to overcome limitations of simple pair-wise comparisons in a limited number of sites.

Las causas de los incendios forestales en España 2001-2010: evolución territorial a través del análisis de diversos indicadores de prevención y extinción.

Los incendios forestales son un problema recurrente en España que produce cada año grandes pérdidas económicas, ambientales y en ocasiones humanas. A la complejidad de los siniestros en España por múltiples factores (clima, fisiografía, propiedad), hay que sumarle la descentralización política, pues las comunidades autónomas tienen la competencia de los incendios forestales, bajo las directrices de una legislación básica del Estado. La estadística de incendios forestales es una herramienta fundamental para el análisis de este fenómeno. Gracias a ella se puede lograr un profundo conocimiento del problema que permita lograr una mejora de los resultados y una optimización de los recursos empleados en su extinción. A partir de los datos de siniestros desde 2001 a 2010 se han elaborado unos indicadores que tienen como objetivo la realización de planes de actuación y prevención para un futuro.

Perfil e Qualidade de Vida de Trabalhadores de Colheita

Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar o perfil e avaliar o nível de satisfação que reflete na qualidade de vida no trabalho (QVT) de trabalhadores da colheita de madeira de duas contratadas (C1 e C2), por duas grandes empresas do setor florestal, sendo uma do segmento de papel e celulose (PC) e, a outra, do segmento de carvão vegetal (CV). A avaliação ocorreu a partir da percepção dos trabalhadores das contratadas em questão, utilizando um modelo pré-concebido que contempla 11 blocos ou dimensões referentes a variáveis intervenientes e definidores da QVT, englobando 48 trabalhadores em três categorias funcionais: operador de motosserra (7 trabalhadores da C1 PC e 10 da C2 CV), ajudante de motosserrista (7 trabalhadores da C1 PC e 8 da C2 CV) e operador de carregador florestal (11 trabalhadores da C1 PC e 5 da C2 CV). Os dados referentes às variáveis intervenientes na QVT foram obtidos a partir de escala fechada do tipo Likert, com os escores variando de 1 a 7, em que 1 correspondeu ao nível "bastante insatisfeito" e 7, ao nível "bastante satisfeito". O perfil dos trabalhadores é de pessoa jovem, baixo nível de escolaridade e pouco tempo de serviço na empresa. Quanto ao nível de satisfação no trabalho, constatou-se que os trabalhadores da C1 PC se encontravam "satisfeitos" e os da C2 CV, "mediamente satisfeitos" com o trabalho e as condições proporcionadas pelas respectivas empresas, apesar de estatisticamente não ter sido detectada diferença entre os valores médios encontrados nas duas situações, pelo teste de Mediana (P>0,01). Os fatores que mais contribuíram para esses resultados favoráveis foram os benefícios extras oferecidos pelas prestadoras de serviços, as condições de segurança no trabalho e o contentamento com o emprego formal.

Long-term persistence of Mediterranean pine forests in the Duero Basin (central Spain) during the Holocene: The case of Pinus pinaster Aiton

In the southern Duero Basin of central Spain, there are vast areas of aeolian sand sheets and dune fields. A comprehensive survey of the sand quarries in this area identified a number of palaeosols in sedimentary sequences. The identification and AMS radiocarbon dating of soil charcoal fragments collected in these palaeosols indicate the persistence of Pinus pinaster in this area throughout most of the Holocene. Although potential natural vegetation models have usually considered the Pinus pinaster forests in this inland area of artificial origin, soil charcoal analysis provides firm evidence of a natural origin. Our data fit perfectly with the pattern of Holocene vegetation development for inland areas of Iberia, which are characterised by stability of pine forests throughout the Holocene. Finally, the growing body of palaeobotanical evidence from Iberia (macrofossils and pollen) is contributing to improve our knowledge of P. pinaster ecology, showing that this species has been present in most Iberian regions during the Holocene, where it has inhabited areas characterised by a very diverse set of climatic and soil conditions.

Estudio de la selección y desplazamiento de bellotas por roedores bajo diferentes condiciones lumínicas y de microhábitat; implicaciones en el regenerado natural del género Quercus.

Este estudio se centra en la actividad de selección y acopio de bellotas por parte de pequeños roedores, en concreto el ratón de campo (Apodemus sylvaticus), que se ha demostrado como la principal especie dispersora de bellotas en la zona de estudio. La prioridad de este trabajo ha sido estudiar la influencia de ciertos factores ambientales (luminosidad lunar y disponibilidad de refugio para el roedor) en el fenómeno de selección. Se tomaron datos bajo diferentes condiciones de luminosidad lunar (luna llena y luna nueva) y de disponibilidad de refugio (bajo cobertura de matorral y sin cobertura). La zona de estudio se ubicó en el Hayedo de Montejo, Madrid. La razón de la elección de este lugar fue la existencia de estudios genéticos llevados a cabo en él que revelaron largos y curiosos movimientos de semillas, que sólo podían ser fruto de una contribución de la fauna dispersora.

Proyecto de Ordenación cinegética del coto privado de caza "Romanones" (Gu-10.158) término municipal de Romanones (Guadalajara).

El objetivo principal de este proyecto es conseguir un manejo adecuado del coto de Romanones, encaminado a conseguir unos niveles poblacionales de las especies animales existentes que sean apropiados al medio, así como optimizar su rendimiento económico y su uso social: garantizar su sostenibilidad y perpetuación. La planificación está estructurada mediante un Plan General, en el que se fijan y definen los objetivos de la ordenación, y un Plan Especial dividido en tres apartados: usos, gestión, y fomento, donde se indican las medidas y actuaciones que se deben realizar dentro del horizonte de vida del proyecto. Con este trabajo se proporciona al titular del coto y gestores un Plan Cinegético de fácil comprensión que cubre la necesidad de Ordenación de los espacios naturales para conseguir una gestión adecuada y sostenible. Se consigue de esta forma cubrir una necesidad recreativa y turística demandada por un sector de la sociedad que busca acercarse al medio natural, y fomentar además el desarrollo rural por las actividades complementarias que se generan.

Evaluación de la capacidad de rebrote en clones híbridos de Populus destinados a la producción de biomasa para energía.

El objetivo del presente Trabajo Fin de Carrera es evaluar la habilidad para el rebrote a nivel clonal así como la producción de biomasa en el tiempo obtenida con diferentes clones híbridos de Populus, en dos plantaciones similares ubicadas en dos diferentes ambientes. El presente Trabajo Fin de Carrera, se enmarca dentro del proyecto de investigación “Cultivo forestales para la obtención de biomasa con fines energéticos” (RTA 2008 00025.C02.01), desarrollado en el CIFOR-INIA y dirigido por la Dra. Hortensia Sixto. El interés que pretende aportar esta evaluación es ayudar en la búsqueda de los clones que mejor se adapten a nuestras territorio, siendo estos clones lo más productivos posible.

Recuperación del espacio degradado por la actividad de extracción de áridos en el paraje denominado "El Bosque" perteneciente al término municipal de La Puebla de Montalbán (Toledo).

El objeto general del proyecto es evaluar y definir una alternativa óptima de recuperación del espacio degradado por la actividad de extracción de áridos, cumpliendo con lo dispuesto en el Real Decreto 975/2009, de 12 de junio, sobre gestión de los residuos de las industrias extractivas y de protección y rehabilitación del espacio afectado por actividades mineras.

Análisis del ciclo de vida de la ventana de madera.

Analizar en todos los procesos que forman el ciclo de vida de la ventana de madera “modelo”, todas las entradas y salidas tanto de materiales como de energía, desde el proceso de extracción de materia prima, hasta su llegada a vertedero o reciclaje para formar parte de un nuevo producto, con el fin de obtener las emisiones de CO2 que se generan en todo el ciclo. Y a su vez, analizar el efecto ambiental del producto en cada uno de sus procesos de fabricación y a lo largo de toda su vida, a través de la evaluación de impacto ambiental de la unidad funcional (ventana modelo).

Estudio de la fragmentación de los hábitats forestales ligado a las infraestructuras de transporte y al cambio de usos del suelo en la Comunidad de Madrid,

La elaboración de este estudio pretende caracterizar los accidentes causados por animales ocurridos en la Comunidad de Madrid entre el año 2006 y el 2009 mediante la identificación de zonas prioritarias de actuación con métodos de estadística espacial (análisis Hot Spot). Con ello se elabora a escala de paisaje un modelo predictivo de colisiones generado a partir de variables ambientales que determinan el desplazamiento de ungulados en el territorio, lo que a su vez influye en los cambios de uso del suelo.

Metabolomics demonstrates divergent responses of two Eucalyptus species to water stress

Past studies of water stress in Eucalyptus spp. generally highlighted the role of fewer than five “important” metabolites, whereas recent metabolomic studies on other genera have shown tens of compounds are affected. There are currently no metabolite profiling data for responses of stress-tolerant species to water stress. We used GC–MS metabolite profiling to examine the response of leaf metabolites to a long (2 month) and severe (Ψpredawn < −2 MPa) water stress in two species of the perennial tree genus Eucalyptus (the mesic Eucalyptus pauciflora and the semi-arid Eucalyptus dumosa). Polar metabolites in leaves were analysed by GC–MS and inorganic ions by capillary electrophoresis. Pressure–volume curves and metabolite measurements showed that water stress led to more negative osmotic potential and increased total osmotically active solutes in leaves of both species. Water stress affected around 30–40% of measured metabolites in E. dumosa and 10–15% in E. pauciflora. There were many metabolites that were affected in E. dumosa but not E. pauciflora, and some that had opposite responses in the two species. For example, in E. dumosa there were increases in five acyclic sugar alcohols and four low-abundance carbohydrates that were unaffected by water stress in E. pauciflora. Re-watering increased osmotic potential and decreased total osmotically active solutes in E. pauciflora, whereas in E. dumosa re-watering led to further decreases in osmotic potential and increases in total osmotically active solutes. This experiment has added several extra dimensions to previous targeted analyses of water stress responses in Eucalyptus, and highlights that even species that are closely related (e.g. congeners) may respond differently to water stress and re-watering