A portable NIR device for the optical supervision of milk coagulation process

The coagulation of milk is the fundamental process in cheese-making, based on a gel formation as consequence of physicochemical changes taking place in the casein micelles, the monitoring the whole process of milk curd formation is a constant preoccupation for dairy researchers and cheese companies (Lagaude et al., 2004). In addition to advances in composition-based applications of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), innovative uses of this technology are pursuing dynamic applications that show promise, especially in regard to tracking a sample in situ during food processing (Bock and Connelly, 2008). In this way the literature describes cheese making process applications of NIRS for curd cutting time determination, which conclude that NIRS would be a suitable method of monitoring milk coagulation, as shown i.e. the works published by Fagan et al. (Fagan et al., 2008; Fagan et al., 2007), based in the use of the commercial CoAguLite probe (with a LED at 880nm and a photodetector for light reflectance detection).

Quick time planning using "s" curves and cost based durations.

ABSTRACT: The comparison of the different bids in the tender for a project, with the traditional contract system based on unit rates open to and re-measurement, requires analysis tools that are able to discriminate proposals having a similar overall economic impact, but that might show a very different behaviour during the execution of the works. RESUMEN: La estimación rápida de costes en fases iniciales del proyecto por métodos paramétricos y referencias estadísticas es un tema bien estudiado, divulgado y aplicado en el sector de la construcción. Sin embargo, existe poca literatura técnica sobre sistemas de predimensionado de tiempos, que permitan realizar rápidamente una planificación con un grado de aproximación razonable. Este texto reúne dos aspectos ya conocidos, pero hasta ahora independientes, y una aportación propia:  -La estimación del plazo final por referencias estadísticas (BCIS, 2000)  - La estimación del reparto del coste total a lo largo de la ejecución mediante curvas "S" (diversos autores)  La estimación de la duración de la ejecución de las actividades en función de su coste. El conjunto de estas tres técnicas, aplicadas a un proyecto, permite obtener una planificación con el suficiente grado de detalle y fiabilidad para tomar decisiones en fases iniciales del proyecto.