Physical parameters in relation to physiological changes of avocado during ripening (20ºc) and cold storage (6ºc) in different conditions.

The application of the response of fruits to low energy for mechanical impacts is described, for evaluation of post-harvest ripening of avocadoes of the variety "Hass". An impactor of 50g of weight, provided with an accelerometer, and free-falling from a height of 4 cm, is used; it is interfaced to a computer and uses a special software for retrieving and analyzing the deceleration data. Impact response parameters of individual fruits were compared to firmness of the pulp, measured by the most used method of double-plate puncture, as well as to other physical and physiological parameters: color, skin puncture ethylene production rate and others. Two groups of fruits were carefully selected, stored at 6º C (60 days) and ripened at 20ºC (11 days), and tested during the storage period. It is shown that, as in other types of fruits, impact response can be a good predictor of firmness in avocadoes, obtaining the same accuracy as with destructive firmness measurements. Mathematical and multiple regression models are calculated and compared to measured data, with which a prediction of storage period can be made for these fruits.

Physical characterization of growing media using standard methods (CEN)- Limitations of Applicability for pine bark and vermiculite

CEN standards have helped to harmonize analytical methods for substrate analysis.Though, for special substrates or constituents the applicability might be Iimited. In this paper a comparative study of implementation of CEN standards to samples of pine bark and vermiculite has been carried out. For composted pine bark, an elongation of the equilibrium period up to 72 instead of 48 hours might increase the accuracy of determinations physical parameters according to EN 13041. For vermiculite, we suggest pycnometry as a feasible technique for the determination of particle density (PD), as the determination of organic matter (OM) as requested by EN 13041 for the calculation of the PD seems not to be applicable for this kind of material.

Near-field light focusing by wavelength-sized dielectric spheroids for photovoltaic applications

We explore the near-field concentration properties of dielectric spheroidal scatterers with sizes close to the wavelength, using an analytical separation-of-variables method. Such particles act as mesoscopic lenses whose physical parameters are optimized here for maximum scattered light enhancement in photovoltaic applications.

Analysis of Thematic Classified Aerial Images Trough Multispectral and LIDAR Data

The application of thematic maps obtained through the classification of remote images needs the obtained products with an optimal accuracy. The registered images from the airplanes display a very satisfactory spatial resolution, but the classical methods of thematic classification not always give better results than when the registered data from satellite are used. In order to improve these results of classification, in this work, the LIDAR sensor data from first return (Light Detection And Ranging) registered simultaneously with the spectral sensor data from airborne are jointly used. The final results of the thematic classification of the scene object of study have been obtained, quantified and discussed with and without LIDAR data, after applying different methods: Maximum Likehood Classification, Support Vector Machine with four different functions kernel and Isodata clustering algorithm (ML, SVM-L, SVM-P, SVM-RBF, SVM-S, Isodata). The best results are obtained for SVM with Sigmoide kernel. These allow the correlation with others different physical parameters with great interest like Manning hydraulic coefficient, for their incorporation in a GIS and their application in hydraulic modeling.

Influence of cement properties in the reaction rate and mechanical behavior of concrete with high fl y ash content

The use of fly ash (FA) as an admixture to concrete is broadly extended for two main reasons: the reduction of costs that supposes the substitution of cement and the micro structural changes motivated by the mineral admixture. Regarding this second point, there is a consensus that considers that the ash generates a more compact concrete and a reduction in the size of the pore. However, the measure in which this contributes to the pozzolanic activity or as filler is not well defined. There is also no justification to the influence of the physical parameters, fineness of the grain and free water, in its behavior. This work studies the use of FA as a partial substitute of the cement in concretes of different workability (dry and wet) and the influence in the reactivity of the ash. The concrete of dry consistency which serves as reference uses a cement dose of 250 Kg/m 3 and the concrete of fluid consistency utilized a dose of cement of 350 Kg/m 3 . Two trademark of Portland Cement Type 1 were used. The first reached the resistant class for its fineness of grain and the second one for its composition. Moreover, three doses of FA have been used, and the water/binder ratio was constant in all the mixtures. We have studied the mechanical properties and the micro-structure of the concretes by means of compressive strength tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thermal analysis (TA). The results of compressive strength tests allow us to observe that concrete mixtures with cements of the same classification and similar dosage of binder do not present the same mechanical behavior. These results show that the effective water/binder ratio has a major role in the development of the mechanical properties of concrete. The study of different dosages using TA, thermo-gravimetry and differential thermal analysis, revealed that the portlandite content is not restrictive in any of the dosages studied. Again, this proves that the rheology of the material influences the reaction rate and content of hydrated cement products. We conclude that the available free water is determinant in the efficiency of pozzolanic reaction. It is so that in accordance to the availability of free water, the ashes can react as an active admixture or simply change the porous distribution. The MIP shows concretes that do not exhibit significant changes in their mechanical behavior, but have suffered significant variation in their porous structure

Estudio de la tecnología de identificación por radiofrecuencia, desarrollo y aplicaciones, seguridad, amenazas y mal uso

Resumen Ejecutivo Desde hace unos años, la tecnología RFID parece estar tecnológicamente madura, aunque se halla inmersa en una continua evolución y mejora de sus prestaciones frente a la tecnología basada en el código de barras. Esta tecnología está empezando a aumentar su comercialización y uso generalizado. Este proyecto describe su funcionamiento y arquitectura, las aplicaciones e implementaciones reales en diversos sectores empresariales y soluciones o propuestas para mejorar y fomentar investigaciones, desarrollos e implementaciones futuras. Una primera parte consiste en el desarrollo teórico del funcionamiento, parámetros físicos y la arquitectura RFID. En la segunda parte se estudian las aplicaciones potenciales, beneficios e inconvenientes y varios puntos de vista; empresas que invierten a favor de RFID y han realizado implementaciones reales exitosas y organizaciones en contra. La tercera y última parte analiza las consecuencias negativas que supone un mal uso de la tecnología como la pérdida de privacidad o confidencialidad, se proponen algunas medidas de seguridad y soluciones al problema utilizando la regularización y estandarización. Finalmente, tras estudiar la tecnología RFID, se aportan algunas conclusiones de carácter actual y de futuro después de observar resultados de expectativas previstas. Executive Summary For several years, RFID technology seems to be technologically mature, but is immersed in a continuous evolution and improvement of their performance than the technology based on the barcode. This technology is starting to increase their marketing and widespread use. This project describes its operation and architecture, applications and real implementations in different business sectors and solutions or proposals to improve and enhance research, development and future implementations. The first part consists of theory development of the operation, physical parameters and architecture RFID. The second part focuses on the potential applications, benefits and drawbacks and several points of view; companies investing on behalf of RFID and have made successful actual deployments and organizations against. The third and last part discusses the negative impact that is a bad use of technology such as loss of privacy or confidentiality; suggest some security measures and solutions to the problem using regularization and standardization. Finally, it provides some conclusions of the current character, after studying RFID technology and the future after observing results of expectations.

Mejora de la interfaz del simulador de voz Vox

A partir de un simulador de vocales denominado Vox, programado en MATLAB, desarrollado originalmente en la Universidad Técnica de Aquisgrán por Malte Kob [1] y mejorado en el Departamento de ICS de la EUITT [2], se pueden generar voces sintéticas. La principal limitación del simulador es que sólo puede generar vocales sintéticas, además la simulación se realiza a partir de parámetros anatómicos y fisiológicos fijos. La estructura actual del programa dificulta la modificación rápida de cualquiera de los parámetros básicos de la misma, circunstancia que podría mejorar mediante una interfaz gráfica. El proyecto consistirá, por un lado, en completar el simulador haciendo posible también la síntesis a partir de los parámetros anatómicos de hombres, mujeres y niños; y por otro, en el diseño e implementación de una interfaz gráfica de usuario que nos permita seleccionar los diferentes parámetros físicos para la simulación y recoger los resultados de la misma de manera más sencilla. Starting from a vowels simulator called Vox, programmed in MATLAB, originally developed in the Technical college of Aquisgrán by Malte Kob [1] and improved in the ICS Department of the EUITT [2], with this programme you can generate synthetic voices. The main limitation of the simulator is that it only can generate synthetic vowels; moreover the simulation is made from anatomical and physiological fixed parameters. The current structure of the programme complicates the quick modification of any of the basic parameters of it, circumstance that could be improved through a graphic interface. On the one hand, the project consists in completing the simulator doing the synthesis possible, from the anatomical woman, men and children parameters; on the other hand, the design and implementation of a graphic user interface, that allow us to select different physical parameters to the simulation and gather the results of it in a simple way.

Combining Wireless Sensor Networks and Semantic Middleware for an Internet of Things-Based Sportsman/Woman Monitoring Application.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are spearheading the efforts taken to build and deploy systems aiming to accomplish the ultimate objectives of the Internet of Things. Due to the sensors WSNs nodes are provided with, and to their ubiquity and pervasive capabilities, these networks become extremely suitable for many applications that so-called conventional cabled or wireless networks are unable to handle. One of these still underdeveloped applications is monitoring physical parameters on a person. This is an especially interesting application regarding their age or activity, for any detected hazardous parameter can be notified not only to the monitored person as a warning, but also to any third party that may be helpful under critical circumstances, such as relatives or healthcare centers. We propose a system built to monitor a sportsman/woman during a workout session or performing a sport-related indoor activity. Sensors have been deployed by means of several nodes acting as the nodes of a WSN, along with a semantic middleware development used for hardware complexity abstraction purposes. The data extracted from the environment, combined with the information obtained from the user, will compose the basis of the services that can be obtained.

A level set approach for the analysis of flow and compaction during resin infusion in composite materials

Fluid flow and fabric compaction during vacuum assisted resin infusion (VARI) of composite materials was simulated using a level set-based approach. Fluid infusion through the fiber preform was modeled using Darcy’s equations for the fluid flow through a porous media. The stress partition between the fluid and the fiber bed was included by means of Terzaghi’s effective stress theory. Tracking the fluid front during infusion was introduced by means of the level set method. The resulting partial differential equations for the fluid infusion and the evolution of flow front were discretized and solved approximately using the finite differences method with a uniform grid discretization of the spatial domain. The model results were validated against uniaxial VARI experiments through an [0]8 E-glass plain woven preform. The physical parameters of the model were also independently measured. The model results (in terms of the fabric thickness, pressure and fluid front evolution during filling) were in good agreement with the numerical simulations, showing the potential of the level set method to simulate resin infusion

Predicción de tráfico de contenedores a corto plazo mediante técnicas de minería de datos : redes neuronales artificiales y redes bayesianas

El correcto pronóstico en el ámbito de la logística de transportes es de vital importancia para una adecuada planificación de medios y recursos, así como de su optimización. Hasta la fecha los estudios sobre planificación portuaria se basan principalmente en modelos empíricos; que se han utilizado para planificar nuevas terminales y desarrollar planes directores cuando no se dispone de datos iniciales, analíticos; más relacionados con la teoría de colas y tiempos de espera con formulaciones matemáticas complejas y necesitando simplificaciones de las mismas para hacer manejable y práctico el modelo o de simulación; que requieren de una inversión significativa como para poder obtener resultados aceptables invirtiendo en programas y desarrollos complejos. La Minería de Datos (MD) es un área moderna interdisciplinaria que engloba a aquellas técnicas que operan de forma automática (requieren de la mínima intervención humana) y, además, son eficientes para trabajar con las grandes cantidades de información disponible en las bases de datos de numerosos problemas prácticos. La aplicación práctica de estas disciplinas se extiende a numerosos ámbitos comerciales y de investigación en problemas de predicción, clasificación o diagnosis. Entre las diferentes técnicas disponibles en minería de datos las redes neuronales artificiales (RNA) y las redes probabilísticas o redes bayesianas (RB) permiten modelizar de forma conjunta toda la información relevante para un problema dado. En el presente trabajo se han analizado dos aplicaciones de estos casos al ámbito portuario y en concreto a contenedores. En la Tesis Doctoral se desarrollan las RNA como herramienta para obtener previsiones de tráfico y de recursos a futuro de diferentes puertos, a partir de variables de explotación, obteniéndose valores continuos. Para el caso de las redes bayesianas (RB), se realiza un trabajo similar que para el caso de las RNA, obteniéndose valores discretos (un intervalo). El principal resultado que se obtiene es la posibilidad de utilizar tanto las RNA como las RB para la estimación a futuro de parámetros físicos, así como la relación entre los mismos en una terminal para una correcta asignación de los medios a utilizar y por tanto aumentar la eficiencia productiva de la terminal. Como paso final se realiza un estudio de complementariedad de ambos modelos a corto plazo, donde se puede comprobar la buena aceptación de los resultados obtenidos. Por tanto, se puede concluir que estos métodos de predicción pueden ser de gran ayuda a la planificación portuaria. The correct assets’ forecast in the field of transportation logistics is a matter of vital importance for a suitable planning and optimization of the necessary means and resources. Up to this date, ports planning studies were basically using empirical models to deal with new terminals planning or master plans development when no initial data are available; analytical models, more connected to the queuing theory and the waiting times, and very complicated mathematical formulations requiring significant simplifications to acquire a practical and easy to handle model; or simulation models, that require a significant investment in computer codes and complex developments to produce acceptable results. The Data Mining (DM) is a modern interdisciplinary field that include those techniques that operate automatically (almost no human intervention is required) and are highly efficient when dealing with practical problems characterized by huge data bases containing significant amount of information. These disciplines’ practical application extends to many commercial or research fields, dealing with forecast, classification or diagnosis problems. Among the different techniques of the Data Mining, the Artificial Neuronal Networks (ANN) and the probabilistic – or Bayesian – networks (BN) allow the joint modeling of all the relevant information for a given problem. This PhD work analyses their application to two practical cases in the ports field, concretely to container terminals. This PhD work details how the ANN have been developed as a tool to produce traffic and resources forecasts for several ports, based on exploitation variables to obtain continuous values. For the Bayesian networks case (BN), a similar development has been carried out, obtaining discreet values (an interval). The main finding is the possibility to use ANN and BN to estimate future needs of the port’s or terminal’s physical parameters, as well as the relationship between them within a specific terminal, that allow a correct assignment of the necessary means and, thus, to increase the terminal’s productive efficiency. The final step is a short term complementarily study of both models, carried out in order to verify the obtained results. It can thus be stated that these prediction methods can be a very useful tool in ports’ planning.

Determinación de la amplificación sísmica local en el Campus Sur UPM mediante la técnica de sismología de microtremores ReMi.

En el Campus Sur de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid se ha llevado a cabo un proyecto para obtener una caracterización del subsuelo mediante ensayos ReMi, en colaboración con el departamento de Geofísica del Instituto Geográfico Nacional. La técnica ReMi (Refraction Microtremor) permite, mediante ensayos geofísicos realizados localmente sobre el terreno,obtener los parámetros físicos del mismo, que resultan de especial interés en el ámbito de la ingeniería civil. Esta técnica se caracteriza por englobarse dentro de la sísmica pasiva, muy empleada en prospección geofísica y basada en la obtención del modelo subyacente de distribución de velocidades de propagación de la onda S en función de la profundidad, con la ventaja de aprovechar el ruido sísmico ambiental como fuente de energía. Fue desarrollada en el Laboratorio Sismológico de Nevada (EEUU) por Louie (2001), con el objetivo de presentar una técnica innovadora en la obtención de las velocidades de propagación de manera experimental. Presenta ciertas ventajas, como la observación directa de la dispersión de ondas superficiales,que da un buen resultado de la velocidad de onda S, siendo un método no invasivo, de bajo coste y buena resolución, aplicable en entornos urbanos o sensibles en los que tanto otras técnicas sismológicas como otras variedades de prospección presentan dificultades. La velocidad de propagación de la onda S en los 30 primeros metros VS30, es ampliamente reconocida como un parámetro equivalente válido para caracterizar geotécnicamente el subsuelo y se halla matemáticamente relacionada con la velocidad de propagación de las ondas superficiales a observar mediante la técnica ReMi. Su observación permite el análisis espectral de los registros adquiridos, obteniéndose un modelo representado por la curva de dispersión de cada emplazamiento, de modo que mediante una inversión se obtiene el modelo de velocidad de propagación en función de la profundidad. A través de estos modelos, pueden obtenerse otros parámetros de interés sismológico. Estos resultados se representan sobre mapas isométricos para obtener una relación espacial de los mismos, particularmente conocido como zonación sísmica. De este análisis se extrae que la VS30 promedio del Campus no es baja en exceso, correspondiéndose a posteriori con los resultados de amplificación sísmica, período fundamental de resonancia del lugar y profundidad del sustrato rocoso. En última instancia se comprueba que los valores de amplificación sísmica máxima y el período al cual se produce posiblemente coincidan con los períodos fundamentales de resonancia de algunos edificios del Campus. ABSTRACT In South Campus at Polytechnic University of Madrid, a project has been carried out to obtain a proper subsoil description by applying ReMi tests, in collaboration with the Department of Geophysics of the National Geographic Institute. Through geophysical tests conducted locally, the ReMi (Refraction Microtremor) technique allows to establish the physical parameters of soil, which are of special interest in the field of civil engineering. This technique is part of passive seismic methods, often used in geophysical prospecting. It focuses in obtaining the underlying model of propagation velocity distribution of the shear wave according to depth and has the advantage of being able to use seismic ambient noise as a source of energy. It was developed in the Nevada Seismological Laboratory (USA) by Louie (2001) as an innovative technique for obtaining propagation velocities experimentally. It has several other advantages, including the direct observation of the dispersion of surface waves, which allows to reliably measure S wave velocity. This is a non-invasive, low cost and good resolution method, which can be applied in urban or sensitive environments where other prospection methods present difficulties. The propagation velocity of shear waves in the first 30 meters Vs30 is widely recognized as a valid equivalent parameter to geotechnically characterize the subsurface. It is mathematically related to surface wave's velocity of propagation, which are to observe using REMI technique. Spectral analysis of acquired data sets up a model represented by the dispersion curve at each site, so that, using an inversion process, propagation velocity model in relation to depth is obtained. Through this models, other seismologically interesting parameters can be obtained. These results are represented on isometric maps in order to obtain a spatial relationship between them, a process which is known as seismic zonation. This analysis infers that Vs30 at South Campus is not alarmingly low , corresponding with subsequent results of seismic amplification, fundamental period of resonance of soil and depth of bedrock. Ultimately, it's found that calculated values of soil's fundamental periods at which maximum seismic amplification occurs, may possibly match fundamental periods of some Campus buildings.